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Any contract of the Department of Defense, the General Services Administration, the Atomic Energy Commission, or any other department or agency of the United States designated by the President, except any such contract under which full payment has been made, may, in time of war or national emergency proclaimed by the President (including the national emergency proclaimed December 16, 1950) or by Act or joint resolution of the Congress and until such war or national emergency has been terminated in such manner, provide or be amended without consideration to provide that payments to be made to the assignee of any moneys due or to become due under such contract shall not be subject to reduction or set-off, and if such provision or one to the same general effect has been at any time heretofore or is hereafter included or inserted in any such contract, payments to be made thereafter to an assignee of any moneys due or to become due under such contract, whether during or after such war or emergency, shall not be subject to reduction or set-off for any liability of any nature of the assignor to the United States or any department or agency thereof which arises independently of such contract, or hereafter for any liability of the assignor on account of (1) renegotiation under any renegotiation statute or under any statutory renegotiation article in the contract, (2) fines, (3) penalties (which term does not include amounts which may be collected or withheld from the assignor in accordance with or for failure to comply with the terms of the contract), or (4) taxes, social security contributions, or the withholding or nonwithholding of taxes or social security contributions, whether arising from or independently of such contract.

Except as herein otherwise provided, nothing in this section shall be deemed to affect or impair rights or obligations heretofore accrued. (R.S. § 3477; May 27, 1908, ch. 206, 35 Stat. 411; Oct. 9, 1940, ch. 779, § 1, 54 Stat. 1029; May 15, 1951, ch. 75, 65 Stat. 41.)

APPROPRIATIONS

Sec. 665. Appropriations

31 U.S.C., sec. 665

(a) Expenditures or contract obligations in excess of funds prohibited

No officer or employee of the United States shall make or authorize an expenditure from or create or authorize an obligation under any appropriation or fund in excess of the amount available therein; nor shall any such officer or employee involve the Government in any contract or other obligation, for the payment of money for any purpose, in advance of appropriations made for such purpose, unless such contract or obligation is authorized by law.

(b) Voluntary service forbidden

No officer or employee of the United States shall accept voluntary service for the United States or employ personal service in excess of that authorized by law, except in cases of emergency involving the safety of human life or the protection of property.

(c) Apportionment of appropriations; reserves; distribution; review

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, all appropriations or funds available for obligation for a definite period of time shall be so apportioned as to prevent obligation or expenditure thereof in a manner which would indicate a necessity for deficiency or supplemental appropriations for such period; and all appropriations or funds not limited to a definite period of time, and all authorizations to create obligations by contract in advance of appropriations, shall be so apportioned as to achieve the most effective and economical use thereof. As used hereafter in this section, the term "appropriation" means appropriations, funds, and authorizations to create obligations by contract in advance of appropriations.

(2) In apportioning any appropriation, reserves may be established to provide for contingencies, or to effect savings whenever savings are made possible by or through changes in requirements, greater efficiency of operations, or other developments subsequent to the date on which such appropriation was made

available. Whenever it is determined by an officer designated in subsection (d) of this section to make apportionments and reapportionments that any amount so reserved will not be required to carry out the purposes of the appropriation concerned, he shall recommend the rescission of such amount in the manner provided in the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921, for estimates of appropriations. (3) Any appropriation subject to apportionment shall be distributed by months, calendar quarters, operating seasons, or other time periods, or by activities, functions, projects, or objects, or by a combination thereof, as may be deemed appropriate by the officers designated in subsection (d) of this section to make apportionments and reapportionments. Except as otherwise specified by the officer making the apportionment, amounts so apportioned shall remain available for obligation, in accordance with the terms of the appropriation, on a cumulative basis unless reapportioned.

(4) Apportionments shall be reviewed at least four times each year by the officers designated in subsection (d) of this section to make apportionments and reapportionments, and such reapportionments made or such reserves established, modified, or released as may be necessary to further the effective use of the appropriation concerned, in accordance with the purposes stated in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(d) Officers controlling apportionment or reapportionment

(1) Any appropriation available to the legislative branch, the judiciary, or the District of Columbia, which is required to be apportioned under subsection (c) of this section, shall be apportioned or reapportioned in writing by the officer having administrative control of such appropriation. Each such appropriation shall be apportioned not later than thirty days before the beginning of the fiscal year for which the appropriation is available, or not more than thirty days after approval of the Act by which the appropriation is made available, whichever is later.

(2) Any appropriation available to an agency, which is required to be apportioned under subsection (c) of this section, shall be apportioned or reapportioned in writing by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. The head of each agency to which any such appropriation is available shall submit to the Bureau of the Budget information, in such form and manner and at such time or times as the Director may prescribe, as may be required for the apportionment of such appropriation. Such information shall be submitted not later than forty days before the beginning of any fiscal year for which the appropriation is available, or not more than fifteen days after approval of the Act by which such appropriation is made available, whichever is later. The Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall apportion each such appropriation and shall notify the agency concerned of his action not later than twenty days before the beginning of the fiscal year for which the appropriation is available, or not more than thirty days after the approval of the Act by which such appropriation is made available, whichever is later. When used in this section, the term "agency" means any executive department, agency, commission, authority, administration, board, or other independent establishment in the executive branch of the Government, including any corporation wholly or partly owned by the United States which is an instrumentality of the United States. Nothing in this subsection shall be so construed as to interfere with the initiation, operation, and administration of agricultural price support programs and no funds (other than funds for administrative expenses) available for price support, surplus removal, and available under section 612 (c) of Title 7, with respect to agricultural commodities shall be subject to apportionment pursuant to this section. The provisions of this section shall not apply to any corporation which obtains funds for making loans, other than paid in capital funds, without legal liability on the part of the United States.

(e) Apportionment necessitating deficiency or supplemental estimates

(1) No apportionment or reapportionment, or request therefor by the head of an agency, which, in the judgment of the officer making or the agency head requesting such apportionment or reapportionment, would indicate a necessity for a deficiency or supplemental estimate shall be made except upon a determination by such officer or agency head, as the case may be, that such action is required because of (A) any laws enacted subsequent to the transmission to the Congress of the estimates for an appropriation which require expenditures beyond administrative control; or (B) emergencies involving the safety of human

life, the protection of property, or the immediate welfare of individuals in cases where an appropriation has been made to enable the United States to make payment of, or contributions toward, sums which are required to be paid to individuals either in specific amounts fixed by law or in accordance with formulae prescribed by law.

(2) In each case of an apportionment or a reapportionment which, in the judgment of the officer making such apportionment or reapportionment, would indicate a necessity for a deficiency or supplemental estimate, such officer shall immediately submit a detailed report of the facts of the case to the Congress. In transmitting any deficiency or supplemental estimates required on account of any such apportionment or reapportionment, reference shall be made to such report.

(f) Exemption of trust funds and working funds expenditures from apportionment

(1) The officers designated in subsection (d) of this section to make apportionments and reapportionments may exempt from apportionments trust funds and working funds expenditures from which have no significant effect on the financial operations of the Government, working capital and revolving funds established for intragovernmental operations, receipts from industrial and power operations available under law and any appropriation made specifically for

(1) interest on, or retirement of, the public debt;

(2) payment of claims, judgments, refunds, and draw-backs;

(3) any item determined by the President to be of a confidential nature; (4) payment under private relief acts or other laws requiring payments to designated payees in the total amount of such appropriation;

(5) grants to the States under subchapters I, IV, or X of chapter 7 of Title 42, or under any other public assistance subchapter in such chapter. (2) The provisions of subsection (c) of this section shall not apply to appropriations to the Senate or House of Representatives or to any Member, committee, Office (including the office of the Architect of the Capitol), officer, or employee thereof.

(g) Administrative division of apportionment; simplification of system for subdividing funds

Any appropriation which is apportioned or reapportioned pursuant to this section may be divided and subdivided administratively within the limits of such apportionments or reapportionments. The officer having administrative control of any such appropriation available to the legislative branch, the judiciary, or the District of Columbia, and the head of each agency, subject to the approval of the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, shall prescribe, by regulation, a system of administrative control (not inconsistent with any accounting procedures prescribed by or pursuant to law) which shall be designed to (A) restrict obligations or expenditures against each appropriation to the amount of apportionments or reapportionments made for each such appropriation, and (B) enable such officer or agency head to fix responsibility for the creation of any obligation or the making of any expenditure in excess of an apportionment or reapportionment. In order to have a simplified system for the administrative subdivision of appropriations or funds, each agency shall work toward the objective of financing each operating unit, at the highest practical level, from not more than one administrative subdivision for each appropriation or fund affecting such unit.

(h) Expenditures in excess of apportionment prohibited; penalties

No officer or employee of the United States shall authorize or create any obligation or make any expenditure (A) in excess of an apportionment or reapportionment, or (B) in excess of the amount permitted by regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection (g) of this section.

(i) Administrative discipline; reports on violations

(1) In addition to any penalty or liability under other law, any officer or employee of the United States who shall violate subsections (a), (b), or (h) of this section shall be subjected to appropriate administrative discipline, including, when circumstances warrant, suspension from duty without pay or removal from office; and any officer or employee of the United States who shall knowingly and willfully violate subsections (a), (b), or (h) of this section

shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.

(2) In the case of a violation of subsections (a), (b), or (h) of this section by an officer or employee of an agency, or of the District of Columbia, the head of the agency concerned or the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, shall immediately report to the President, through the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, and to the Congress all pertinent facts together with a statement of the action taken thereon. (R.S. § 3679; Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1484; § 4, 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27, 1906, ch. 510, § 3, 34 Stat. 48; Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, ch. XII, § 1211, 64 Stat. 765; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 814, § 3, 70 Stat. 783; Aug. 28, 1957, Pub. L. 85-170, ch. XIV, § 1401, 71 Stat. 440.)

WAGE-BOARD EMPLOYEES

31 U.S.C., sec. 665a

Sec. 665a. Same; basis of apportionment; need for funds for increased compensation for wage-board employees

After June 5, 1957, any appropriation required to be apportioned pursuant to section 665 of this title, may be apportioned on a basis indicating the need for a supplemental or deficiency estimate of appropriation to the extent necessary to permit payment of such pay increases as may be granted those employees (commonly known as wage-board employees) whose compensation is fixed and adjusted from time to time in accordance with prevailing rates (section 1082 (7) of Title 5). (Pub. L. 85-48, title II, § 210, June 5, 1957, 71 Stat. 55.)

AUTHORIZE A FEDERAL AGENCY TO PERFORM SERVICES AND FURNISH MATERIALS, ETC., FOR OTHER AGENCIES

31 U.S.C., sec. 686

Sec. 686. Purchase or manufacture of stores or materials or performance of services by bureau or department for another bureau or department

(a) Any executive department or independent establishment of the Government, or any bureau or office thereof, if funds are available therefor and if it is determined by the head of such executive department, establishment, bureau, or office to be in the interest of the Government so to do, may place orders with any other such department, establishment, bureau, or office for materials, supplies, equipment, work, or services, of any kind that such requisitioned Federal agency may be in a position to supply or equipped to render, and shall pay promptly by check to such Federal agency as may be requisitioned, upon its writ ten request, either in advance or upon the furnishing or performance thereof, all or part of the estimated or actual cost thereof as determined by such department, establishment, bureau, or office as may be requisitioned; but proper adjustments on the basis of the actual cost of the materials, supplies, or equipment furnished, or work or services performed, paid for in advance, shall be made as may be agreed upon by the departments, establishments, bureaus, or offices concerned : Provided, That the Department of the Army, Navy Department, Treasury Department, Federal Aviation Agency, and the Maritime Commission may place orders, as provided herein, for materials, supplies, equipment, work, or services, of any kind that any requisitioned Federal agency may be in a position to supply, or to render or to obtain by contract: Provided further, That if such work or services can be as conveniently or more cheaply performed by private agencies

such work shall be let by competitive bids to such private agencies. Bills rendered, or requests for advance payments made, pursuant to any such order, shall not be subject to audit or certification in advance of payment.

(b) Amounts paid as provided in subsection (a) of this section shall be credited, (1) in the case of advance payments, to special working funds, or (2) in the case of payments other than advance payments, to the appropriations.or funds against which charges have been made pursuant to any such order, except as hereinafter provided. The Secretary of the Treasury shall establish such special working funds as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection. Such amounts paid shall be available for expenditure in furnishing the materials, supplies, or equipment, or in performing the work or services, or for the objects specified in such appropriations or funds. Where materials, supplies, or equipment are furnished from stocks on hand, the amounts received in payment therefor shall be credited to appropriations or funds, as may be authorized by other law, or, if not so authorized, so as to be available to replace the materials, supplies, or equipment, except that where the head of any such department, establishment, bureau, or office determines that such replacement is not necessary the amounts paid shall be covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

(c) Orders placed as provided in subsection (a) of this section shall be considered as obligations upon appropriations in the same manner as orders or contracts placed with private contractors. Advance payments credited to special working funds shall remain available to the procuring agency for entering into contracts and other uses during the fiscal year or years for which the appropriation involved was made and thereafter until said appropriation lapses under the law to the surplus fund of the Treasury. (Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 143, § 1, 38 Stat. 1084; May 21, 1920, ch. 194, § 7, 41 Stat. 613; June 30, 1932, ch. 314, § 601, 47 Stat. 417; June 22, 1936, ch. 689, title IV, § 8, 49 Stat. 1648; July 20, 1942, ch. 507, 56 Stat. 661; June 26, 1943, ch. 150, § 1, 57 Stat. 219; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85-726, title XIV, §1407, 72 Stat. 808.)

Sec. 686-1. Same; available period of funds withdrawn and credited

No funds withdrawn and credited pursuant to section 686 of this title, shall be available for any period beyond that provided by the Act appropriating such funds. (Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, ch. XII, § 1210, 64 Stat. 765.)

Sec. 686a. Materials or services ordered from Navy; payment

Any executive department or independent establishment of the Government ordering materials or services from the Navy shall pay promptly by check upon written request from the Paymaster General of the Navy, either in advance or upon completion of the work, all or part of the estimated or actual cost thereof, as the case may be, and bills rendered in accordance herewith shall not be subject to audit or certification in advance of payment: Provided, That proper adjustments on the basis of the actual cost of delivery of work paid for in advance shall be made. (May 21, 1926, ch. 355, 44 Stat. 605.)

Sec. 686b. Former section 686 effective as to funds transferred prior to amendment; convict labor; new provisions as additions to laws relating to working funds

(a) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section and amendment of section 686 of this title, said section 686, as in force prior to June 30, 1932, shall remain in force with respect to the disposition of funds transferred thereunder prior to such date.

(b) Nothing in this section or section 686 of this title shall be construed to authorize any Government department or independent establishment, or any bureau or office thereof, to place any orders for material, supplies, equipment, work, or services to be furnished or performed by convict labor, except as otherwise provided by existing law.

(c) The provisions of this section and section 686 of this title are in addition to and not in substitution for the provisions of any other law relating to working funds.

(June 30, 1932, ch. 314, § 602, 47 Stat. 418.)

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