weed (Polygonum lapathifolium); 10. Charlock seeds, in barley sometimes (Sinapis, Raphanus, and Brassica).

Weeds which are principally objectionable as they encumber the soil are,

1. Charlock, a name which is applied to four different species of Cruciferæ (viz. Sinapis arvensis and nigra, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Brassica napus); 2. Corn poppy (Papaver rhœas); 3. Blue bottle (Centaurea cyanus); 4. Mayweed (Anthemis cotula); and 5. Corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum).

The weeds called underlings, or such as never rise in the crop, are,

1. Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris); 2. Annual meadow grass (Poa annua); 3. Chickweed (Stellaria media); 4. Shepherd's purse (Thlapsi bursa pastoris); 5. Spurry (Spergula arvensis); 6. Camomile (Matricaria Chamomilla); 7. Fat hen (Chenopodium album); 8. Common corn salad (Fedia olitoria); 9. Flix-weed (Sisymbrium Sophia); 10. Common fumitory (Fumaria officinalis); 11. Sand mustard (Sinapis muralis).

Pasture weeds are,

1. Dwarf-thistle (Carduus acaulis); 2. Common camomile (Anthemis nobilis); 3. Star thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa); 4. Ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum); 5. Great fleabane (Conyza squarrosa); 6. Cheese rennet (Galium verum); 7. Long-rooted hawkweed (Ápargia autumnalis); 8. Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum); 9. Sheep's sorrel (Rumex acetosella); 10. Knot-grass (Polygonum aviculare); 11. Yellow rattle (Rhinanthus crista galli); 12. Common Carline thistle (Čarlina vulgaris).

Pasture weeds which generally prevail in loamy soils, and such also as are prevalent in clayey and damp soils, are principally as follow:

1. Yellow goat's-beard (Tragopogon pratensis); 2. Marsh thistle (Carduus palustris); 3. Melancholy thistle (Carduus heterophyllus); 4. Meadow thistle (Carduus pratensis); 5. Common butter bur (Tussilago petasites); 6. Common ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa); 7. Common daisy (Bellis perennis); 8. Common black knap-weed (Centaurea nigra); 9. Broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius); 10. Orchis (Orchis mascula, maculata, latifolia, morio, and pyramidalis); 11. Common cow-parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium); 12. Sedge (Carex), various species.

We have now enumerated the whole of the principal weeds of agriculture, for the purpose of pointing them out to the young gardener and farmer as plants that they ought to know both at sight and specifically. For the first purpose, they may collect specimens of as many of them as grow in their neighbourhood, and probably procure the rest from some of their friends who may be employed in any of the Botanic Gardens; and the second object they will be able to obtain in the most complete manner from our Encyclopædia of Plants.

An appendix to the "weeds" contains "Some Account of an effectual Mode of cleansing heavy Lands infested in a high degree with Fallow Weeds, particularly with Couch-grass

(Triticum repens), without the aid of Naked Fallow, as practised by Mr. R. Dickson, of Kidbrook, Blackheath." We have noticed the spirited exertions of this gentleman before (Gard. Mag. vol. i. p. 88.), and have only to conclude by recommending, not only the Essay on Weeds on its own account, but because "all the profits go to the benefit of the author's widow and family."

ART. IV. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, &c. published since September last, with some Account of those considered the most interesting.

BRITISH.

Curtis, Wm., continued by John Sims, M.D. F.R. S. &c. &c.: The Botanical Magazine, &c. London. 8vo. Monthly Numbers. 38. 6d. No. 479., for December, contains Figures of Solanum saponaceum, Gilia capitata, Harrisonia loniceroides, Potentilla splendens, Lobelia cœrulea, Lobelia senecioides, Trichosanthes tuberosa, Phylica spicata. Edwards, Sydenham, F.L.S. &c., continued by John Lindley, Esq. F. L.S. &c.: The Botanical Register, &c. London. 8vo. Monthly Numbers. 4s. No. 142., for December, contains Figures of Hedychium maximum, Protea villifera, Pyrethrum roseum, Pyrethrum diversifolium, Canthium dubium, Justicia flavicoma, Heterotaxis crassifolia, Barnardia scilloides. Loddiges, Conrad, and Sons, Nurserymen, Hackney: The Botanical Cabinet, &c. London. 4to. and 8vo. Monthly Parts. 5s. and 2s. 6d. Part 116., for December, contains Figures of Triglochin bulbosum, Cattleya Forbesii, Grevillea acanthifolia, Oxalis cernua, Achania malvaviscus, Roella ciliata, Erica tubiuscula, Crotalaria cordifolia, Ornithogalum lacteum, Mesembryanthemum gemmiflorum.

Sweet, Robert, F.L.S. &c.: Geraniaceæ, or Natural Order of Geraniums. London. 8vo. Monthly Numbers. 3s. No. 84., for December, contains Figures of Pelargonium Goweri, Pelargonium purum, Pelargonium latifolium, Pelargonium tanacetifolum.

Sweet, Robert, F.L.S. &c.: The British Flower Garden. London. 8vo. Monthly Numbers. 3s. No. 66., for December, contains Figures of Calystegia reniformis, Polemonium sibericum, Tradescantia rosea, Enothera serotina.

This is a very superior work, and as it contains only hardy plants, and such as every one who has a garden may introduce into his flower border, we are surprised it is not more generally known. Besides, where there are young people learning to draw flowers, it will serve as a perpetual copy-book. We wish Mr. S. would combine hardy ornamental trees and shrubs; he might then call his work the British Flower Garden and Shrubbery, and it would supply what has long been a desideratum in Garden Botany.

Sweet, Robert, F.L. S. &c.: Cistineæ. The Natural Order of Cistus, or Rock Rose. London. 8vo. Every Two Months. 3s. No. 9., for November, contains Figures of Cistus psilosepalus, Helianthemum vulgare, Cistus villosus, Hudsonia ericoides.

Maund, B.: The Botanic Garden, &c. London. Small 4to. Monthly Numbers. 18. 6d. and 1s. No. 24., for December, contains Figures of Spigelia marilandica, Digitalis lutea, Centaurea suaveolens, Primula farinosa.

Fleming, H., late Editor and Proprietor of "Fleming's British Farmer's Chronicle," a weekly Newspaper: The British Farmer's Magazine; a periodical Work, exclusively devoted to agriculture and rural affairs. London. 8vo. No. 1., for November, 4s. To be continued quarterly. The Farmer's Magazine, published in Edinburgh, from 1800 to February last, when it was discontinued, owing to the misfortunes of its publisher, we have no hesitation in asserting, has contributed more to the advancement of the Agriculture of Scotland, than all the other means put together of disseminating agricultural knowledge in that country. We consider it an honour and advantage to reckon its late editors among the number of our friends; they are men of great strength of mind, sound political economists, and were, when in business, excellent farmers.

To them, and especially to the first editor, the farmers of Scotland are much indebted; and the publication has even produced extensive benefit in England and America. We regret the discontinuance of this Magazine in the land which gave it birth, for various reasons; but are glad to see a similar one undertaken in this country, by an editor, whose successful establishment of an agricultural newspaper, may be considered as a proof that he will use every exertion to render his present work worthy of patronage. We have reason also to believe that he will be supported by our excellent correspondent Verus (Gard. Mag. vol. i. p. 259.), who, as we have elsewhere mentioned, was one of the founders, and for many years afterwards the editor, of the original Farmer's Magazine.

We know, from our own experience, that it is impossible to get up a periodical work so as to please every body. We have no doubt Mr. Fleming's will be satisfactory to the greater number of his agricultural readers, and no doubt it is for these he writes; but we must confess we should have liked to have seen him embracing a more extended view of the subject of the corn laws; and showing, that whatever may be the intermediate misery, cheap corn will ultimately be found best both for farmers and landlords. By cheap corn, we mean corn at a natural price; and to something like this, whether good or bad for the farmers and landlords, that is, to something like a free trade, Mr. Fleming must know that it will certainly come at last. Would it not therefore be a more useful attempt, and probably also, more productive of readers to the Magazine, to prepare farmers and proprietors for this change. Perhaps Mr. F. will discuss this view of the subject in his next Number.

Dean, Wm. Printer and Publisher, Manchester: An Account of the different Gooseberry Shows held in Lancashire, Cheshire, and other Parts of the Kingdom, for the year 1826. To which is added, a Statement, exhibiting, at One View, the Number of Prizes won by each Sort of Berry, at the several Meetings. Manchester. 12mo. 2s. Winstanley, John, Bookbinder, and Joseph Clegg, Innkeeper, Manchester : An Account of the different Flower Shows, held in Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, and other Parts of the Kingdom, in the Year 1826, of Auriculas, Tulips, Ranunculuses, Star-pinks, and Carnations. To which is added, a Statement, exhibiting at One View the Number of Prizes won by each Sort of Flower, at the several Meetings. Ashton-under-lyne. 12mo. 3s. 6d.

This little book, and the preceding, are of no small interest to an immense number of persons, being the " Transactions" of upwards of two hundred country horticultural societies. The Flower-book contains their meetings,

in April for auriculas and polyanthuses; in May for tulips; in the beginning of June for ranunculuses, in the end of June for pinks; and in July for carnations. The Gooseberry-book records one hundred and forty meetings, held in March and April, to "make up" or arrange the prizes to be given, and the same number of meetings in July and August, to compare the fruit and adjudge the prizes. These books are published every year, and besides an account of the meetings or shows, they contain at the end announcements of new fruits and flowers " coming out," and of meetings for the ensuing year. As a specimen we shall give two extracts, and first from the Gooseberry-book.

Seedlings going out. "Simon Hooton's green seedling, Doctor Syntax, grown by William Farmer, goes out on the first Saturday after the fifth of November, at Mr. Barrows, Pitt and Nelson Inn, Ashton-under-lyne. There will be a fair held at the same time, for the sale of young plants." "Mr. Robert Whittaker's seedling will not go out this year, on account of the wood growing so badly; but he will abide by his last year's challenge. A gooseberry show will be held at the house of Mr. Benjamin Bramwell, Black Lion, Stockport. The landlord will give an excellent wheelbarrow for the Steward's prize; there will be four kettles, and a kettle for maiden growers, if not under two. The spring meetings will be held on the first Fridays in February and March, the making up on the first Friday in April, and the day of weighing on the first Friday in August. Those who do not pay up their money on or before that day will not be allowed to show for the steward's prize. Only one seedling allowed in a colour. Free ten miles round Stockport."

The gooseberries raised by these societies cannot be considered of any great value, either for culinary purposes, or in regard to flavour for the dessert; size being the sole object of the competitors, who, in their own gardens, grow quite different sorts, and chiefly the Warrington, for general use. For show, however, no dessert gooseberry comes near them.

From the Flower-book we learn that in the autumn of 1826 there are, Seedlings going out.. "Mr. Ralph Booth's grey-edged seedling, Auricula, Speedwell, will be let out at the house of Mr. John Bankes, Star Iun, Stockport Little Moor, the 10th day of August.

"James Cook's seedling Polyanthus goes out on the last Saturday in August, at Mr. Blackburn's King Sowton: Mr. William Dickenson's greenedged seedling goes out at the same time and place; also his grey-edged seedling to be sold in plants."

"Mr. Smalle's Rose Flake Wonderful will go out in lots in October, 1827; it is considered by all who have seen it, to be a leading sort among the Rose Flakes." "North's King Agrippa goes out this year at 5s. per pair." "John Hardman's Pink Bizard seedling, to be called Ruler, to be sold out in pairs on the first Saturday in October, at his own house, Darcy Lever, near Bolton."

"There will be a show of tulips held at the house of Mr. William Parr, at the sign of the Steam Engine, Street Bridge, near Royton; the landlord will give 17. to the meeting; free to all England; the making-up meeting will be on the first Saturday in April, 1827."

Such as wish to possess any of these flowers or gooseberries will find it the easiest way to give their orders to their regular florists or nurserymen, who will procure them through their nearest correspondent.

:

Anon. A practical Essay on the Culture of the Vine, and a Treatise on the Melon. Royston. 12mo. 1 Plate. 1s. 6d.

This Essay and Treatise were written for, and gained their respective prizes at, the Horticultural Society held at Baldock, in the county of Hertford. The author adopts the " spurring in" method of pruning (Encyc. of Gard. § 2969.) with the vine; and with melons in pits, he re

commends that "the stopping of the main shoots should not be done till they have reached to sixteen or eighteen joints;" long experience having taught him that melon plants require a larger space to grow in than is generally allotted to them. He prefers pits eight feet wide for a main crop ; but for an early crop he adopts the common dung-bed, or Macphail's brick pits, and stops his shoots at the tenth joint.

Hogg, Thomas, Florist, Paddington, Author of a Treatise on the Carnation, Pink, &c.: An abridged Catalogue of Carnations, Picotees, Pinks, and Auriculas. Paddington. 18. 6d.

This astonishing collection consists of upwards of 700 names; arranged as Scarlet Bizarres, Crimson Bizarres, Pink and Purple Bizarres, Scarlet Flakes, Purple Flakes, Rose and Pink Flakes, Bizarre-feu, Bizarre Incarnat, Bizarre Rose, Violet, Feu, Incarnat, Pourpre, Cramoisi, Cerise, &c., Blush and White, English Picotees, Foreign Picotees, Picotees with yellow grounds, Pinks, Variegated Auriculas, Auriculas plain, and Alpines shaded. Few florist's flowers are so truly desirable as the carnation, both on account of its beauty and fragrance. A collection equal to Mr. Hogg's, we believe, is no where to be met with; we would recommend such of our readers as are admirers of fine flowers, to send for his catalogue, (which being in one sheet can be sent by post as a single letter,) where each sort has its price fixed, and where they may choose at various prices, from 3s. per pair, up to 25s. per plant. Cushing, J., a Native of Ireland, and for some time Foreman to Messrs. Lee and Kennedy, Nurserymen, Hammersmith. He died in 1819 or 1820: The Exotic Gardener, &c. London. 3d Edit. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Titford, W. I. M. D.: Sketches towards a Hortus Britannicus Americanus, &c. London. 4to. 2l. 12s. 6d., or with the Plates uncoloured, 17. 15s. Withers, Wm. junior, Esq., of Holt, Norfolk: A Memoir, addressed to the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, on the Planting and Rearing of Forest Trees, demonstrating the Necessity of trenching Ground previously to planting, and of keeping it clean afterwards, and proving, from actual Experiments, the powerful and profitable Effect of Manure, in promoting the Growth of Trees. With an Appendix, containing Mr. Waistell's valuable Tables, for ascertaining the progressive annual Increase in the Growth of Trees, at every Period of Four Years, from Twelve to Sixty-four Years, the Rate per cent. they pay in the several Periods of their Growth, and other interesting Particulars. Holt and London. 8vo. pamph. 1s. 6d.

So much has been said on the advantage of preparing ground previously to planting, that it would be difficult to offer any new argument; but a few striking facts published now and then are useful, by recalling the importance of the subject to the attention of the planter. Such facts Mr. Withers has brought forward in this pamphlet, which, as Mr. Cobbett (Reg. Nov. 25.) observes, is " neat, plain, unassuming, and full of interest." Experiment 1. Five acres planted by pitting in 1811. The trees made no progress. At the end of five years they were almost all dead but the Scotch pine trenched the ground, and filled up the vacancies with deciduous trees, which have grown vigorously.

Experiment II. Half an acre, trenched two feet deep, and planted in 1819. In 1826, the trees much superior to those planted eight years before them.

The notion that weeds, by covering the surface, keep the soil cool, is ably and judiciously combated; and also another notion, equally fallacious, that stirring land in dry weather lets in the drought. As " young trees must be principally indebted to the superficial soil for their nourishment, every weed which is suffered to grow must rob these trees of a portion of