So there has been no change. These additional items simply reflect, I think, what is normally the dynamic nature of any experiment. New opportunities come which make the experiment more valuable. We feel it is our duty to science and the Nation, particularly now, to propose such a program. I might say that in all of our thinking we have planned the IGY, not in terms of an 18 months' result or observation, but in terms of the whole scientific stature of this Nation in a field which has, with some degree of suddenness, now taken on far more significance for the welfare of the Nation, I think, than anyone even some of us-may have realized, although I think we were reasonably foresighted and imaginative in taking this into

account.

Mr. THOMAS. The committee thinks you will come up with something very far reaching and revolutionary. We believe that firmly.

PROGRESS OF THE IGY PROGRAM

When did the year really get started?

Dr. KAPLAN. Formally it got started on July 1, 1957. Actually, in terms of any practical preparations for the program, we took advantage of opportunities for pre-IGY experiments. For instance, one of the outstanding results prior to that period was simply to take advantage of the logistics operations of the Navy down to the Antaretic in terms of the cosmic ray experiments of Professor Simpson at the University of Chicago.

Mr. THOMAS. You really did not get started until about October 1, did you?

Dr. KAPLAN. Of this year?

Mr. THOMAS. No; last year.

Dr. KAPLAN. Actually the program started July 1, but many things occurred before then; for instance, rocket firings to test the Fort Churchill facility.

Mr. THOMAS. You have had 5 or 6 months of actual operation? Dr. KAPLAN. Approximately so.

Mr. THOMAS. What is your reaction as to the results? Are you satisfied? Is any phase of the program not going as you planned it or anticipated?

Give us your general reaction to your accomplishments.

Dr. KAPLAN. I would say personally I am far more than satisfied. Mr. Odishaw has recently written, and there is now in print, a review of the first phase of the IGY which brings out some of the outstanding results.

Mr. THOMAS. There was quite a bit of interest in that. That appeared about Monday or Tuesday of this week in the Washington papers, did it not?

Dr. KAPLAN. This was an article commented on in considerable detail in the New York Times, and local papers. Newsweek had it in its science section. It received a considerable reaction among science writers. I think it reflects an extremely satisfactory rate of progress, in some areas actually quite exciting. Our entirely revised notions of the nature of the Antarctic Continent, for instance, the character of the substructure, the amount of ice, et cetera, is something none of us would have foreseen. This occurred very close to the beginning of the program.

The sun has been unusually cooperative. As you recall, we selected this time to coincide with increased solar activity. The effect was such that on the day before the formal day of launching the program, we had one of the biggest solar flares that has ever been observed, to an extent that some of us were even accused of having arranged that. That was quickly disavowed, because we certainly have not reached that point.

I would say, looking at it as objectively, as I can from the outside, as a scientist, that it has been an extremely successful scientific program and personally I always revert to my role as a teacher, which I still try to keep up with, from the point of view of its impact on the national scene, the point of view of education, and the varied demands and both scientific and general conferences. Large groups such as the National Association of Manufacturers, for instance-have invited the scientists to address them, and I think it is probably the first time they ever did that. This is a byproduct of the IGY that I think is fairly notable.

It has thrown on us an amount of responsibility that we did not anticipate, but one to which I think, with Mr. Odishaw's able direction, with a particularly good group within that field in our office, I think we have responded very well.

The amount of good publicity and good writing that is going on about this is, I think, a pretty good indication of the program's prog

It is to me a completely rounded program, including the science and the better public consciousness of what science is. In some way the fact that we are living on this planet, I think, has appealed to the public, and again particularly to the youngsters. It is not quite as remote as stars or nebulae. They see something that they are on, and have been constantly surprised, I think, at the variety of things that are going on which have considerable practical significance.

That is a long way of saying it, but this is the way college professors say it, saying that we are satisfied.

Mr. THOMAS. You are satisfied?

Dr. KAPLAN. Yes, sir.

Mr. THOMAS. If you are satisfied, we are going to be satisfied with you.

Dr. KAPLAN. At the National Science Board meeting the other day, Father Hesburgh, the president of Notre Dame, who is a member of the National Science Board, after the Board had heard our presentation, made the statement that in his opinion the secondary aspects, that is, the educational and public information results of IGY, in his opinion, were worth the entire cost of the program.

Well, that was music to my ears. Perhaps it is not an extravagant statement in terms of the problem that faces this Nation, and in recognizing the fact that science is no longer something that is on the periphery of our considerations, but it is something that is a real part of the complete posture of this Nation in peacetime, defense, economy, and everything else.

It is closer, I think, to the center of events than it has ever been. I think this is what Father Hesburgh had in mind in making his very flattering comments. I took a little of that personally, since I have made a number of speeches at Notre Dame. However, I might say that literally every member of the committee, as we are distributed

over the country-Dr. Porter, Dr. Ravelle, and others, have responded to practically every call.

I think Mr. Yates knows of the day I spent in Chicago, where they really gave me a workout. I just came there casually. I am going again in February and I shudder to think what they are going to do with me on February 12. I know I am going to take a lot of vitamin pills with me for those 2 days, because every time I get a letter from Chicago-

Mr. YATES. Beware.

Dr. KAPLAN. Beware is right. They mean well. We try to respond. It has actually been a pleasant and satisfying part of the program.

EFFECT OF IGY AFTER ITS TERMINATION

Mr. YATES. Do you feel that the experiment that is represented by the IGY will have been concluded at the termination of the year? Dr. KAPLAN. I am sorry

Mr. YATES. Do you believe that the experiment that has been undertaken during the IGY will have been completed by the end of the year?

Dr. KAPLAN. In the sense of our planning, yes, but certainly what science does in response to the opening up of new vistas will be a continued for instance, in response to a program like our earth-satellite program on the part of astronomers, engineers, theoretical physicists, meteorologists these people are going to go on thinking and planning. Mr. YATES. I heard the director of the Denver laboratory Sunday on a TV program. He indicated there was thinking now of continuing the work after the official termination of the IGY, or rather, I think what he said was he contemplated that the IGY may be extended. Dr. KAPLAN. No; in no sense at all.

Dr. KLOPSTEG. It will not be identified as IGY, but undoubtedly looking at it broadly, the new knowledge gained through the IGY is going to stimulate a great deal of new work that is bound to be carried forward after IGY closes.

Mr. YATES. Speaking for myself, I would approve a continuation of the experiment. I think it is doing much to bring the nations of the world closer together through the scientific ties that are being built up and through the exchange of knowledge. I would like to consider the possibility of changing the name from IGY to International Geophysical Institution, or something along that line, so that the great work now being done can be continued.

I assume it will not be as expensive in the future as it is now, because you are really in the middle of a crash program now. Perhaps in the future it would be well to contemplate a permanent institution of this type.

Dr. KAPLAN. Mr. Odishaw, I think, can comment on that. I would like to make one statement, and that is that the relationship and planning and execution that has been necessary as a part of the IGY, between the National Academy of Science and the National Science Foundation, has in my opinion established at least one successful pattern of important scientific research in this Nation.

There are obviously others and in this context we have as individuals, as members of the Academy, as members of the panels that have planned this program, who will, of course, continue to be scientists

after the IGY, and who have thought of what comes afterward. I think Mr. Odishaw can give us something specific.

Mr. YATES. I would like to make one point in response to what you have to say. 1 think of the institution to which our good friend, former Congressman Cole, has just been named head. Presumably this will coordinate activities in atomic energy for all the world.

I wondered whether an institution of that sort would not be good to continue the work you are doing now.

Dr. KAPLAN. Of course, in general in this area the international scientific unions that are interested in the phenomenon of the earth, the International Scientific Radio Union, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, will take on new stature.

In addition, there are other things being planned at the present time on the international scale. I think Mr. Odishaw has been quite familiar with that program.

Mr. ODISHAW. The condition that geophysics will be in after the IGY will vary from field to field. In some fields you probably will not need the concentrated effort that you have had in the IGY; for example, the longitude and latitude program. It may very well go on with the general cooperation that has existed in astronomy in the past, but in two areas there has been thought given to needs on an international basis for cooperative work.

One of these is in oceanography and the International Council of Scientific Unions has set up a special committee called Special Committee on Oceanographic Research (abbreviated, SCOR), and there probably will be plans for continued cooperative research on the

oceans.

In the IGY appreciable advances in oceanography will be made, but the oceans represent a large portion of the world, and this will really be a small exploration in terms of the total possibilities, and moreover, they are thinking of extending the studies beyond just the physical aspects of oceanography. In response to establishment of SCOR by the International Council of Scientific Unions, there was established a United States national committee for consideration of this topic.

The second area has to do with the Antarctic. Again, the International Council of Scientific Unions has set up a committee, abbreviated SCAR, a Special Committee for Antarctic Research. There will be a meeting of that committee, with people engaged in work in the Antarctic at the Hague, February 1 to 6, to consider post-IGY Antarctic research on a cooperative basis.

Dr. Bronk, in response to the ICSU invitation, and in response to interests of the National Science Foundation, has set up a committee for this topic, too, so in those two areas there will be some consideration of what is valuable, what opportunities there are, what gaps there are, what needs there are after IGY closes down.

RUSSIAN COOPERATION

Mr. YATES. I would like to ask Dr. Kaplan a question which I think Mr. Jonas asked the other day of Dr. Waterman. Are the Russians meeting their commitments under the IGY?

20957-58-5

Dr. KAPLAN. I would say in general they certainly are meeting their commitments. One has to recognize the fact that even in our own program, where I understand we fired some 80 or so rockets, that it takes a lot of time to reduce the data and get the data in form where formal submission to the various data centers that have been established can be achieved. I am personally quite satisfied in terms of our relationships through the international committee that they are meeting these commitments.

Mr. YATES. I was wondering about the changing of the wavelengths for the reception of the signals. I was under the impression when you first appeared before us some time ago that they had agreed that their satellite would broadcast on a certain wavelength to which we could listen.

Dr. KAPLAN. One hundred and eight megacycles corresponded to the wavelength selected by us and announced in the Barcelona meeting. Mr. YATES. I was under the further impression that in the original hearings we had approved the expenditure of funds for tracking equipment for those wavelengths. Now you are coming in for tracking equipment for other wavelengths. Apparently we were not aware of what they proposed to do at the time you were originally here.

Dr. KAPLAN. Here I think I will defer to Dr. Porter as chairman of the technical panel.

Dr. PORTER. With respect to your first question about the commitments at Barcelona, there was some indefinite language in the way in which this was approved. This I do not remember exactly. You are certainly correct in that there was an implication that they had been a party to a definite-not an agreement, but an understanding at least that the 108-megacycle frequency would be used throughout, and it is certainly very true that they have not used the 108-megacycle frequency. We have never been officially informed that they were not going to employ 108 megacycles, although there were some articles published in radio magazines in Russia to the effect they would be using 20 and 40 megacycles.

When these were first read by us, we thought that this represented only an isolated ionospheric experiment and that the 20- and 40-megacycle transmissions would be carried in addition to the 108 megacycles. This was not specifically stated.

The radio magazine articles did not say whether they would or would not carry 108 megacycles. They only referred to this particular ionospheric one. We were surprised when the first Russian satellites were flown without 108 megacycles. However, there is very little in the supplementary budget for tracking equipment, which is related to this change in frequency. We were able, with a relatively small expense, which was able to be taken care of out of the original budget, to convert the existing 108-megacycle equipment, some of it, so that it could be used at 40 megacycles.

We have not attempted to track at 20 megacycles so far. If we should be required to do tracking at 20 megacycles, which I hasten to add would be very inaccurate tracking at best, because of the very large bendings of the ionosphere, we would expect to make use of existing equipment in this country which has been set up for radio astronomy purposes and propagation experiments, and which could be used for this purpose for a reasonable period, simply by paying a little of the cost to the agencies concerned to pay for their operating time.