that have led to our submitting a request for these additional funds. In the first place, as Dr. Waterman pointed out

Mr. THOMAS. Radio and optical tracking, orbit computation, scientific instrumentation, and related expenses.

Mr. YATES. Are these to track the Russian satellites?

Mr. ODISHAW. In part. The impact of the Russian program has led to some of these requests. The problem of tracking and following the Russian satellites has imposed an additional burden on the groups in the IGY program which were financed to follow the satellites.

In addition, the increased latitudinal coverage of the Russian satellites their range is from approximately 65° above and below the Equator has called for some additional efforts in some of the programs to get coverage in the Far North and in the Far South.

Now, another portion that again relates to the availability of the Soviet satellites has to do with the ionospheric studies, and there are a number of experiments in that category which are extremely valuable. The transmissions at 20 and 40 megacycles make possible a very important set of studies of the ionosphere, because you have signals of known frequency coming to us from a region of interest, either in the ionosphere or above it.

It is true that radio stars are also used in this connection, but there we don't know enough about the nature of the signal properly to interpret that signal in terms of analyzing the ionosphere. With these 2 transmissions at 20 and 40 megacycles we do know enough about the nature of that signal and can get the facts.

Some interesting observations have already been made, including a peculiar phenomenon where you seem to get a ductlike effect in the ionosphere that goes around about half the world, so you can pick up a signal from the opposite side of the earth. There are a number of such studies that can be made.

Dr. WATERMAN. For example, the Alaska station kept track of the Russian satellite all the way around.

SUMMARY JUSTIFICATION DATA

Mr. THOMAS. Miss Reporter, will you put page 5 in the record at this point, and also pages 6 and 7?

(The pages referred to are as follows:)

Summary of obligations by activity

Summary of the International Geophysical Year earth satellite program-Budget

requirements

Mr. THOMAS. Where is this $2.1 million going to be spent and how much of the total funds have you obligated and why is it necessary to come in here at this stage of the game for a $2 million supplemental? Mr. ODISHAW. Well, in response to your first question, page 6 has a breakdown of the principal categories of this $2.1 million.

Mr. THOMAS. The total appropriation to date has been $39 million. Dr. WATERMAN. For the whole of the IGY.

Mr. THOMAS. That is right.

BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATE BY ACTIVITY

Why is it necessary to come in here at this date and ask for a supplemental of $2,100,000. You break it down into launching and propulsion, $200,000; satellite instrumentation, $939,000; radio tracking and telemetering, $187,000; optical tracking, $449,000; orbit computation and data, $200,000; scientific coordination, $125,000.

BREAKDOWN OF ESTIMATE BY OBJECT

You have $653,145 for salaries. You have $89,230 for travel; transportation, $49,980; rents and utility services, $284,740; other contractual services, $183,150; and supplies and materials, $233,090; and equipment, $507,000.

Where is this money going to be spent?

Mr. ODISHAW. Where?

Mr. THOMAS. Yes.

Mr. ODISHAW. At the public and private laboratories. For example, some of these funds will go to the State University of Iowa; some to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology.

Mr. THOMAS. Is that where Dr. Van Allen is?

Mr. ODISHAW. Yes, at Iowa.

good one, too. You know, I am really in

Mr. THOMAS. He is a good one, too. favor of Iowa.

Mr. JONAS. I thought they had funds in the bill last year for this

program.

Mr. THOMAS. $39 million.

Mr. JONAS. I know. Over $18 million of it was for the satellite program, including provisions for radio tracking. I thought the delay in completing our tracking plans was what held up our launching schedule or caused it to be postponed.

Dr. WATERMAN. The urgency of this is for the reason that we want to get full information from the Russian satellites and their signals.

Mr. JONAS. We were told there would be a complete exchange of information and they would give us complete information.

Mr. THOMAS. Is this to track the Russian satellites or our own? Dr. WATERMAN. The Russian satellites are doing two different things than ours. The first is that they travel with an orbit which is inclined at 65° to the Equator. That is nearly going around the poles. Ours is inclined only to 40° of the Equator.

Mr. THOMAS. $39 million has been obligated?

Dr. WATERMAN. Mr. Sheppard, can you give that?

Mr. SHEPPARD. Not accurately, I am afraid, but I think it is all obligated but about $7 million.

Dr. WATERMAN. The second reason is that the Russian satelliteMr. THOMAS. You don't need this $2,100,000, then, if you have $7 million unobligated.

Mr. SHEPPARD. That balance is committed. That is for planned projects, including personal services and that sort of continuing cost in order to carry this thing out for the balance of the year.

Mr. THOMAS. When is Dr. Kaplan and Dr. Berkner coming to town?

Dr. WATERMAN. We don't know. We can find out.

The second reason is that the Russian satellite is broadcasting on a different wavelength band, which has different properties. It is bent going through the ionosphere, as Mr Odishaw said, and we want to know a lot about this.

Mr. THOMAS. How many people are involved in this $653,145 for personal services?

Mr. ODISHAW. We don't have a breakdown on the number of people involved with us but we can provide the committee with that information.

EQUIPMENT FOR TRACKING OF SATELLITES

Mr. YATES. Does this mean that the equipment that was purchased for the purpose of tracking the Russian satellites on other wavelengths is not usable?

Dr. WATERMAN. We didn't have any for tracking the Russian satellites. Only for tracking our own.

Mr. YATES. You didn't expect the Russians to have a satellite so soon?

Dr. WATERMAN. We didn't plan for it.

Mr. YATES. I don't really understand that. You told us the Russians had a program and presumably you were going to work with them in the exchange of information both from their satellites and

from ours. Now, there was a request for equipment to track theirs to get the information.

Dr. WATERMAN. We couldn't know what the Russians were going to do until they did it, and therefore we couldn't prepare for it. I mean in detail.

Mr. YATES. Well, I don't understand your answer to Mr. Jonas' question the other day, then, when he asked you whether you knew what the Russians were going to do, whether they were living up to their agreement. You told him "yes." Now you say you didn't know what the Russians are going to do.

Dr. WATERMAN. According to the agreement they don't have to give this information very far in advance, but there are so many ways you can instrument a satellite and so many wavelengths it can broadcast on that one can't plan what to do about those things until he knows what the specifications are. The Russians

Mr. YATES. How long would it take you to get the equipment to track them? One satellite is down already.

Dr. WATERMAN. We want to do this as quickly as we can, to anticipate the fact that undoubtedly the Russians will have more satellites and we want to take full scientific advantage.

You

Mr. JONAS. You won't know what wavelength they are on. will have to start over again as you are having to do in this instance. Mr. ODISHAW. They have indicated at the last meeting of the CSAGI Rocket and Satellite Conference that they plan to continue the use of 20 and 40 megacycles

Mr. YATES. Suppose they change?

Dr. WATERMAN. We will have to do the best we can.

Mr. ODISHAW. One has to maintain some flexibility. I might say that five of the minitrack stations are now on both 108 megacyclesDr. WATERMAN. That is our wave length.

Mr. ODISHAW. And 40 megacycle equipment, and we have been tracking the Soviet satellites with that gear. In addition to those 5 stations we have used a number of other gears, both at 20 and 40 megacycles, and tracked successfully both of their satellites and have acquired a considerable body of data already which, if analyzed and subjected to theoretical research, can give us some very valuable data on the ionosphere.

Now, an experiment of this kind, or, rather, I should say a set of experiments having to do with the ionosphere, is a set of experiments that we would want to do ourselves. It is not necessarily an intrinsic part of their program. I would imagine that they will attempt to analyze these signals themselves in the fashion that we might, but from one point of view it is not a proper "inboard" experiment. It is not a package. It is primarily designed as a radio signal that can be readily picked up and therefore the experiment is conducted on the ground. We have an opportunity here to conduct this type of experiment on the ground and in particular immediately, and analyze the current data we have where we have gotton some very interesting preliminary insights into the ionosphere. The results can be very, very important.

Mr. YATES. Well, I just wonder whether or not we have been caught unprepared again inasmuch as one Russian satellite is already down. I suppose some of this material would have gone for tracking of that satellite.

Now, how long will Sputnik No. 2 last? Would you be able to get your material in time now in order to track that?

Mr. ODISHAW. Yes. We expect to be able to get it up in time. In terms of

Mr. YATES. Can anybody estimate how long the second sputnik will stay in its orbit?

Mr. ODISHAW. I think there have been some approximations, but I do not believe they are very good. I think we need a little more time on it. But in terms of the equipment items in this budget, insofar as they concern tracking, they are not very large, and if one makes an assumption that perhaps there might be a change in some of these programs, in this case let us say the Soviet program, this would not entail an expenditure of personal services. One would have acquired some capital goods which would have permanent value. It would not be a waste of that money and we would not spend any of the money for personal services in this tracking portion of the program with respect to the Soviet satellites if these signals that they say will be on at 20 and 40 megacyles in fact are not

Mr. YATES. What portion of your $2,100,000 which you are requesting is for tracking of the Soviet satellite?

Mr. ODISHAW. Well

Mr. YATES. What portion of the amount requested is attributable to the tracking of Soviet satellites?

Mr. WATERMAN. In the table on page 36, line 3

Mr. THOMAS. $449,000.

Mr. YATES. It is more than that

It is for radio tracking, too

Mr. THOMAS. Gentlemen, everybody is tired and worn out. Doctor, why don't you and Mr. Odishaw go back to the office and get your facts and figures together so you can answer some of these questions, and I am sure you have the answers. And let us have a pretty nice little record on it.

Off the record.

(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. THOMAS. Let us all take a little rest and come back tomorrow at 10.

JANUARY 24, 1958.

Mr. THOMAS. Gentlemen, will the committee please come to order? We have with us this morning Dr. Kaplan and Mr. Odishaw and their colleagues. Let us take a look at this supplemental for the IGY wherein you seek $2.1 million.

What do you want this $2,100,000 for? How are you going to spend it?

Before we go into that you had better tell us how you are doing over there. How are you getting along with the Russians, Chinese, Japanese, French, British, Germans, and everybody all over the world? You are an internationalist now; are you not?

Dr. KAPLAN. We certainly are.

I first want to apologize in case my hearing is a little bad on account of these flights. I will say I am very glad to be here, although we did not expect to have to come back for additional funds.

Mr. THOMAS. You did not have to come back. We are embarrassed about it. We just expressed a desire to see you, if you were in town.