and from the United States. It is essential to create a sense of wide participation in the development of Center programs. This can best be done by affording involvement at the policymaking level.

Administration of programs

6. The Center should administer directly the Institute for Advanced Projects, the International Training Agency, and the Translation Bureau.

7. The formal education of students and the provision of student services should be carried out by the University of Hawaii and other universities, through contractual arrangements with the Center. The International College should be disbanded.

8. Resources for research should be administered by the Center through grants.

As conceived now, the Center is built around four broad functions: student education, scholar and leader exchange, technical training, and research.

The formal education of students and the granting of degrees cannot be undertaken by the Center. For this function, the Center should make contractual arrangements with the University of Hawaii and, on occasion, other universities, providing proper reimbursement for facilities and services. The Institute of American Studies, Asian studies and overseas operations programs, foreign student adviser program, and the English Language Institute should be carried out by the university under the appropriate colleges or administrative units. Services rendered to the Center by these programs would be done by contract. The functions now performed by the International College would be absorbed by other university units, and that college could then be disbanded as a separate administrative body.

The Institute for Advanced Projects, the International Training Agency, the Translation Bureau, and other functions not concerned primarily with student academic instruction should be administered directly by the Center.

Resources for research should be administered by the Center through grants awarded on the basis of individual research projects selected in terms of the Center's program objectives. Grants should be available to scholars not only at the University of Hawaii but also elsewhere in the United States and in Asian nations; and the projects need not be carried out at the University of Hawaii.

The following chart graphically presents the administrative structure of the Center relative to the University:

Fiscal and personnel policies

9. The Center should be accorded much greater flexibility in fiscal and personnel matters than is now possible under university policies.

The Center cannot operate effectively and dynamically under present university personnel and fiscal policies. The Center, and the university, for that matter, are faced with serious problems in the procurement of qualified staff. The Center, because of its status as a national institution, may in some respects face this difficulty in a more acute form. The high cost of living in Honolulu, the difficult housing situation, and the relative isolation from the broader academic community compound the current problem of keen competition for talented persons. The university's salary scale for faculty members appears to be fairly adequate at the lower and middle levels but far from adequate at the higher levels.

The present pattern of line item budgeting has a stultifying effect on the dynamics of the university's development. The legislative approach to the university's budget needs modification so that attention is focused on programs and subprograms, as is done with most of the strong universities in the United States, rather than on specific items. Once the budget is allocated, the university should have considerable flexibility in carrying out its program and should be held accountable for program accomplishment under the broad guidelines of budget allocation. The success of the Center will be greatly enhanced if both it and the university generally can be accorded such flexibility.

Content and focus

DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMS

10. The Center should focus its programs on certain subject areas rather than diffusing its activities throughout a great many fields.

The Center will dilute its effectiveness if it seeks to provide programs in all possible subject areas which might be of interest or need to Asian and American students and scholars. Instead, the Center should identify a relatively few fields in which the university can develop a distinguished program. The fields actually selected will reflect (a) the judgment concerning present areas of strength within the university, and (b) the judgment concerning the needs of Asians which may best be served by the Center. Some of the fields which merit consideration are: Marine biology, tropical agriculture, education, public health, nutrition, social work, anthropology, race relations, geophysics (particularly meteorology and oceanography), Pacific Islands studies, art, drama, music, philosophy, and Asian studies (select areas).

Focus on these areas of strength should be reflected in problems to be studied, research programs, technical training programs, the type of student scholarships awarded, the acquisition of library materials, the development of conferences, and other enterprises of the Center. Strengthening university offerings

11. The Center should assist in the development of a university program that will attract highly qualified graduate students and senior scholars to Hawaii.

Among steps which the Center might take in this vitally important

area are:

Use of Center funds to accelerate the university's distinguished visiting professorship program. Experience of the last few years with this program shows solid accomplishment upon which to build. The visiting professors have given fresh enthusiasm to local faculty members and have brought the university in closer contact with leading groups in higher education, greatly reducing the university's social isolation and insularity.

The Center should encourage and help finance joint appointments of university staff with mainland and Asian universities. People who would not normally wish to leave their own institutions permanently might be enthusiastic about a cooperative appointment involving a commitment of part of their time and which would give them greater access to other scholars interested in Asia. Out of the relationships established by such joint appointments might emerge a consortium of other universities for support of the center. A number of mainland institutions have academic programs related to various parts of Asia and some of them already have extensive cooperative relationships with Asian educational institutions which would be helpful to the Center.

Special chairs should be created and financed in part or whole by the center, in some departments of the university to increase the departments' abilities to offer outstanding graduate study. Professors holding these chairs should receive higher salaries than the university is now able to offer.

Relations with other local institutions

12. The center should strengthen its programs wherever possible by maintaining close working relations with associated institutions in Hawaii.

These institutions tend to be specialized, but they constitute a basic resource for the center and the university. Among them are the Experiment Station of the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association, Bishop Museum, Honolulu Academy of Arts, Pineapple Research Institute, Biological Investigation Laboratory of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and other scientific agencies of the Federal and State Governments. Certain of them—in particular the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, the Academy of Arts, and Bishop Museum-have been running their own specialized Asian programs for years. Their experience, their library and research facilities, and the network of institutional and professional relations throughout the Pacific and Asia constitute a significant resource.

International Training Agency

13. To meet Asian needs, great emphasis should be placed upon the functions of the International Training Agency.

The Agency will need to make use of community facilities for its inservice training programs. Local businesses, public health agencies, schools, the State legislature, agricultural organizations, and other groups can help provide the training facilities desired by many Asian countries. Involving the community in this manner will also add to public understanding and acceptance of the Center and its purposes.

Translation

14. The Translation Bureau should concentrate on translations not otherwise available that will facilitate other aspects of the Center's program.

The Bureau's program should be developed slowly, deliberately, and selectively. Much work is being done throughout the Nation on translations. The Bureau should become well acquainted with this work so as to avoid duplication of effort. In its early development, the Bureau should concentrate on those activities which will best facilitate the Center's overall program.

Publications

15. The Center should clarify its programs before proceeding further with plans for publications.

STUDENTS

16. Award of student scholarships should be the responsibility of the Center, collaborating with other units of the university. The University of Hawaii would then instruct the students in those areas where it is qualified to do so. In other areas, joint instructional arrangements might be made with the university and with other institutions on the mainland and in Asia or the Pacific basin. This would apply to American as well as Asian students.

17. Emphasis should be placed upon the training of graduate students rather than undergraduates.

The supply of students at the graduate level is high in many Asian countries. In addition, undergraduate students are finding their way to U.S. institutions in large numbers under one sponsorship or another. Thus, the resources of the Center will contribute more in the long run if used for graduate training. However, exception could be made in the case of those Pacific islands and Asian countries where there are meager training opportunities for undergraduate students.

18. The ratio of American students to Asian students should be increased from the contemplated one-fifth to one-third of the total number of students.

The need for the American student to study Asia and its problems is great. Furthermore, a larger ratio of American students would place the program on a more reciprocal basis.

19. Asian students should be integrated into the general university student community.

The proposed plan of dormitory quarters for Center students should be changed so that Asian students do not live isolated from the general student body in large Center dormitories. They should be dispersed throughout the university's dormitory system and treated like other university students. In addition, community hospitality should make it possible for each visiting student to know American family life. This will give the Asian students a better conception of American culture as well as greater personal attachment in a strange country and culture.

SENIOR SCHOLARS

20. The annual number of senior scholars should be reduced to approximately 50 from Asia and 25 from the United States.

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