Congress. I should like to emphasize that the examples given serve to highlight the various functions but do not give a full account of the activities of the office.

WORK WITH PRESIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

The Office, the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Federal Council for Science and Technology, work jointly to advise and assist the President with respect to major policies, plans, and programs of science and technology of the various agencies of the Government. The forms of assistance range from preparing answers to legislative and public inquiries, to assistance on technical issues reflected in the President's annual budget, to the analysis of technical considerations bearing on major national security decisions. A useful product of the healthy mutual cooperation between the Office and the Bureau of the Budget is the special analysis of research and development expenditures presented as an annex to the last two annual budgets.

Other examples of staff support have included assistance in the development of a landmark Presidential policy on patents, studies of health and agriculture, and a comprehensive examination of national energy resources which is currently near completion.

The Federal Government sponsors research and development through a diversity of agencies to achieve a diversity of goals. Techniques must be found for utilizing existing organizational structures to meet problems that are not a dominant responsibility of any single agency. Departmental missions do not correspond identically with scientific fields.

COORDINATING POLICY AND Program

The Federal Council for Science and Technology, of which I am Chairman, plays a central role in the coordinated policy and program planning which these facts make essential. Through the Council mechanism of consensus, Government-wide policies have been developed on: designation of the Department of Commerce as a clearinghouse for the public dissemination of research reports of all Federal agencies; designation of the Department of Commerce as a delegated agent for coordinated planning of air-sea interaction research; and on the improvement of environment and incentives for research to strengthen the competitive position of the Federal Government in recruiting and retaining staff.

INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY

The Council's Interagency Committee on Oceanography has prepared a 10-year program of research which takes into account both the requirements of 20 major Federal bureaus which are responsible for related sectors of research in the oceans, and the opportunities which science offers to fulfill these commitments more effectively.

The ICO also prepared an annual program which outlines the coordinated plans and the budgets of the participating agencies, and describes the relationships between projects in oceanic research to enhance our military defense, to develop marine mineral and fisheries resources, to control pollution, to predict more accurately storms and tides that endanger life and property and to extend scientific knowledge generally.

The report for fiscal year 1965 has been transmitted to the Congress. We hope that this report will assist all of the appropriations subcommittees in evaluating effectiveness of Government-wide coordination in this field, and the relationship of activities under each committee's jurisdiction to the integrity of the entire interagency

program.

RESEARCH ON WATER RESOURCES

Research is being similarly coordinated in water resources, a field which directly affects all our citizens in one way or another. Here, roughly, 25 Federal bureaus and agencies have program responsibilities. Your committee has received copies of the Council's report entitled "Federal Water Resources Research Program for Fiscal Year 1965." Preparation of this study by a new Council committee reflects continuation of last year's effort by a Special Task Group on Coordinated Water Resources Research, thus responding to recommendations by the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources.

In this field the research programs must be closely related to programs concerned with agriculture, public and industrial water supplies, pollution control, fish and wildlife, and river basin planning. A substantial beginning has now been made in determining the scope of an adequate long-range program and in identifying the most urgent priorities. The President has charged the Office and the Federal Council with responsibility "to continue to give this area the attention required to achieve and maintain effective interagency planning and coordination of an adequate effort in water resources research."

HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH

In high-energy physics it has become apparent that the most careful planning is essential because of the high cost of the particle accelerators. The President's Science Advisory Committee, jointly with the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, during the past year convened a panel of scientists headed by Dr. Norman Ramsey, of Harvard University, to assess future needs of high-energy accelerator physics. This panel worked intensively with specialists in the field, both in the United States and overseas, over a 6-month period. Its report has been published and is available to you.

The panel outlined a 19-year program, feeling it necessary to attempt to predict so far in the future because of the long time required to build these accelerators and put them into effective operation. Nonetheless, we know on the basis of past history that in a field as fast moving as high-energy physics all recommendations must be periodically reviewed and updated.

The Federal Council for Science and Technology has a continuing Technical Committee on High Energy Physics which coordinate the various agency activities in this field, and which worked closely with the PSAC-GAC Panel.

LONG-RANGE FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

The Office is also spearheading an effort to rationalize long-range planning of Federal research and development. In this effort, we are working closely with the Bureau of the Budget, and with the planning staff of the National Science Foundation. We expect to identify more clearly the aggregate requirements for Federal funds and for skilled manpower; to determine future commitments to support major research and development facilities; and to visualize the implications of concentration or diffusion of effort between scientific fields and between institutions, where the impact of support from a number of separate agencies may be quite different from that determined on an agency-by-agency basis. Such long-range planning should also make it possible to identify unwitting duplication in the planning of new research facilities and to illuminate gaps in programs which inadvertently occur when one agency is of the belief that another has assumed program responsibility.

STUDY ON NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

The role of the Office in assuring the effectiveness of federally supported activities is exemplified by a major study, undertaken at Presidential request, of the research programs and program administration of the National Institutes of Health. A 14-man panel of distinguished scientists, I should really say distinguished citizens, headed by Dr. Dean Wooldridge, is leading this effort. Eleven technical subpanels with a total of 75 members are visiting 35 locations where research is performed under NIH grants, and we hope by the summer to have completed a thorough assessment of this vital national undertaking.

CONDUCT AND MANAGEMENT OF FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The Office has also been deeply concerned with ways to improve the Government's capabilities for conducting and managing its extensive program of research and development. To this end it is important that the agencies have a highly competent senior scientific and technical staff. Yet the Government has had serious difficulty in attracting its fair share of such competence. The demand for more creative scientific minds and for the more talented administrators has strained the supply, and resulted in keen competition with industry and the universities that paradoxically has been generated by the Government itself.

SALARIES FOR FEDERAL SCIENTISTS

The Government's principal difficulty in recruiting and retaining its share of competence has lain in the wide disparity between Federal and private salaries at the more senior levels. It is for this reason that President Kennedy, early in 1962, submitted to the Congress a far-reaching set of proposals for Federal salary reform. Favorable congressional action in 1962 on salary legislation has been an important first step toward applying the principle of comparability. But congressional defeat of the executive pay bill has accentuated the salary problem.

My Office is particularly concerned, because Federal programs in science and technology may especially feel the impact of this action. It is an important but little known fact that two-thirds of the professional personnel which staff our Federal agencies and manage our Federal programs are scientists, engineers, and physicians. In order to maintain high competence in this sector of our Federal staff, further congressional action is urgently needed.

PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The partnership between the universities and the Federal Government has received considerable attention in the Office during the past year. We have studied the problems related to the payment of salaries of faculty members working on federally sponsored research. We have been working intensively with the Bureau of the Budget on revisions to Budget Circular A-21 on cost principles pertaining to support of research at the universities and are cooperating in a staff study of agency policies, procedures, and practices covering such university research.

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER NON-FEDERAL AGENCIES

The Office maintains very close relationships with non-Federal institutions in the Nation which have an important role in science and technology. One of the most important of these is the National Academy of Sciences, which has long played a significant role in bringing together the best available scientific thought and in advising the Government on matters of mutual interest. We look to the Academy for assistance in identifying opportunities and needs in various areas of science. Studies have been made by the Academy relating to oceanography, atmospheric science, Government-university relationships, and manpower utilization. In this connection, the Academy recently issued a very interesting and significant report entitled "Federal Support of Basic Research in Institutions of Higher Learning."

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF SCIENTISTS

The Office has been active in encouraging cooperation between scientists of the United States and those of other nations. It has also addressed itself to a number of specific problems of a technical nature affecting international affairs. These have ranged from a study of hoof-and-mouth disease among cattle in Argentina to salinity and waterlogging of agricultural land in Pakistan. The results of the Pakistan study have now been published in a report entitled "Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain."

The Office has also worked with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in planning its first meeting of ministers of science. Dr. MacLeod is representing the United States in planning for the next meeting of the ministers to be held in the next 18 months.

UPPER MANTLE PROJECT

Other areas of study relating to international science include international health programs and international scientific projects, such as the Upper Mantle project, and programs for international cooperation in meteorology and hydrology.

Senator ALLOTT. What is the Upper Mantle project?

Dr. HORNIG. The Mohole is one part of it. This is an international endeavor to study the outer shell of the earth.

Senator MAGNUSON. The Mohole is involved in this?

Dr. HORNIG. Mohole is one part of our contribution to this; yes. It is the big money part.

Senator MAGNUSON. All right. We will come back to that later. Dr. HORNIG. I should like to mention two current examples of the Office's work in exploration of new scientific opportunities.

NUCLEAR POWERED DESALTING PLANTS

One of these is a study conducted on behalf of the Office by an interagency task group of the possibilities inherent in coupling very large nuclear powerplants with water-desalting plants. It had been suggested that both power and converted water might be produced in this way at attractive prices, given the necessary prior development work. The task group study, which your committee has received, does indeed outline a most attractive potential for this application of technology. It should be pointed out, however, that any full-scale application is probably at least 15 years away and would be restricted-by power and water market considerations and by the availability of salt water-to a relatively few areas of the country. Senator SALTONSTALL. Mr. Chairman, would you permit a question at this point?

Senator MAGNUSON. Certainly.

Senator SALTONSTALL. Isn't that a question really of price rather than new technology?

ECONOMY AT LARGE PLANT

Dr. HORNIG. No, sir. The primary nature of this plant is that it would have to be very large to be economical. In that sense, it is a matter of price. But it means the development of new distillation technology to a scale some 500 times greater than we can make it now. The largest distillation plant presently in existence in the United States will produce 1,400,000 gallons of water per day. This would envisage 800 million gallons per day, so that the distillation capacity will have to be scaled up enormously. This is the major single technical development that is required.

Senator SALTONSTALL. It is not so much a question of using nuclear power to do that-it is a question, rather, of distillation.

Dr. HORNIG. It also means the development of nuclear heating plants on a much larger scale than have yet been built. In these sizes, there is a considerable economic advantage in the nuclear heat source over conventional heat sources.

Senator SALTONSTALL. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

NEW DESALINATION METHOD SOUGHT

Senator ALLOTT. On that subject, Doctor, it is true, is it not, that at the moment what we are looking for most in the question of conversion of saline water is a completely new method of breakthroughhow to do it? All of the ones we have now have pretty express limitations, as to size and efficiency.