UNITED STATES POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ANTARCTICA A Historical Summary With Emphasis on Recent Developments Historical Studies Division Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs May 1964 FOREWORD This report was prepared primarily to inform the Congress of the United States of the effective international cooperation which has developed in recent years in the area of Antarctica. It also provides information on the history of United States policy concerning Antarctica and on the impressive achievements of scientists, sailors, and airmen operating in this hazardous and forbidding part of the globe. It spans nearly two centuries but emphasizes the recent period. This account is mainly based upon information assembled from the files of the Department of State, from press releases, and from the following publications: the Annual Reports of the National Science Foundation to the U.S. Congress; various issues of the Bulletin of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer (Department of Defense); The United States in the Antarctic, 1820-1962 (U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer, Department of Defense) and a supplement thereto covering Operation Deep Freeze 63; The Conference on Antarctica, Washington, October 15-December 1, 1959 (Department of State publication 7060); International Geophysical Year, The Arctic, Antarctica: Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives (H.Rept. 1348, 85th Cong., 2d sess.); Review of the First Eleven Months of the International Geophysical Year (Hearings, "National Science Foundation," before the Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, 85th Cong., 2d sess.); Report on the International Geophysical Year (Hearings, "National Science Foundation; National Academy of Sciences," before the Subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations, 86th Cong., 1st sess., February 1959). Some data and helpful suggestions were also obtained in interviews with officers of the National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense. This study was requested by Harlan Cleveland, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. It was prepared under the general supervision of William M. Franklin, Director of the Department's Historical Office, who assigned the project to the Historical Studies Division, headed by Richardson Dougall. The work was done by Edwin S. Costrell, Chief of the Area Studies Branch, who directed the project, and by Warren Harding Reynolds, historian in that Branch, who did the research and wrote the basic draft after returning from a trip to Antarctica made late in 1963. CONTENTS Page Foreword Introduction... Developments to the Mid-Twentieth Century--- Negotiation of the Antarctic Treaty-.. Preliminaries to the Conference on Antarctica___ The Conference on Antarctica, Washington, October 15 to December VII 1 1 3 6 8 9 10 Developments During Ratification of the Treaty, 1960–61.. Interim Consultative Meetings... 11 11 Ratification of the Treaty Activities in Antarctica During the 1960-61 Season_. Coordination of United States Research Programs.. Meetings of Consultation After Ratification of the TreatyFirst Consultative Meeting, Canberra, July 1961- Second Consultative Meeting, Buenos Aires, July 1962. Accessions to the Treaty- 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 Research and Exploration Under the Antarctic Treaty, 1961-64.. Annex I. Exchanges of Official Representatives on Antarctic Expeditions-- 21 Annex III. Documents____ 1. United States Invitation to Twelve-Nation Antarctic Conference, 2. Statement by the President, May 3, 1958 3. The Antarctic Treaty, December 1, 1959. 4. Recommendations of the First Antarctic Treaty Consultative 5. Recommendations of the Second Antarctic Treaty Consultative 6. Recommendations of the Antarctic Treaty Meeting on Telecom- 7. Report of United States Observers on Inspection of Antarctic 37-438-64- 2 |