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Fig. 100. Profile of a Hairy Mammoth engraved on a piece of elephant's ivory, found in the Madelaine Cave, France.

er large ruminants still survived. Messrs. Christy and Lartet found a vertebra of a young reindeer transfixed by a flint arrow-head. Ornaments made of teeth have been dis

covered, and from several caves have been obtained bone whistles, formed by boring the carpal and tarsal bones of ruminating quadrupeds. A sculptured dagger, made of a single piece of reindeer's horn, attests the contemporaneous existence of that animal in the south of France. A cylindrical tool found in the same vicinity bears upon one side the heads of two aurochs, while upon the other are the profiles of two horses, with a human face between them.

Fig. 101. The Hairy Mammoth (Elephas primigenius) restored.

The exploration of the dolmens, or monuments of enormous unhewn stones, so abundant in France, England, and Scandinavia, but unmentioned in the most ancient history of these countries, shows them to have been constructed by men of the Reindeer Epoch. Some of them, from the presence of polished stone and even of bronze implements, belong evidently to the closing stage of this epoch. These

megaliths have been found not only in the regions anciently inhabited by the Celts, but also in Syria, Africa, and even in Hindostan.

A similar association of human relics with the bones of quadrupeds occurs in the turf-pits of Denmark, and the Kjæk kenmoddings of Denmark and Sweden. The only extinct animals recognized in the latter are the lynx and urus, though bones of the hog and dog are also common.

To the latter part of the Reindeer Epoch belong also the pile-structures discovered in the lakes of Switzerland. The only extinct species are the elk, the aurochs, and the urus. Remains of still-existing species, as the brown bear, the badger, the pole-cat, the otter, the wolf, the dog, the fox, wild-cat, beaver, wild boar, goat, and sheep, exist in great abundance in the débris dredged from the bottoms of these lakes.

Of the animals thus shown to have lived contemporaneously with primeval man upon the continent of Europe, the cave-bear, cave-hyena, tiger, mammoth, mastodon, and others of less importance became extinct before the date of written history; but these extinct quadrupeds had lived contemporaneously with others which have come down to historic times. The reindeer, referred to by Cæsar in his Commentaries, is thought to have survived in Northern Scotland as late as the twelfth century; the Irish elk existed up to the fourteenth century; the reindeer continued in Denmark till the sixteenth century; the urus lingered in Switzerland up to the sixteenth century; the bison still survives in Lithuania, and the wild boar is abundant in Central Europe.

It is commonly supposed that the Reindeer folk were the successors of the Cave-Bear folk; but Dr. Packard has very plausibly suggested that they may have lived contemporaneously, side by side. "The Reindeer folk may have in

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habited the upper valleys and hills near the Alps and Pyrenees, which send spurs into Southern and Central France. They were perhaps mountaineers, and the animals associated with them and most characteristic of the period were Alpine and northern species.* *Their neighbors, the Flint folk, or Lowlanders-a taller and stronger racemeantime inhabited the plains of Northern France and Belgium, England, and Germany, and the fauna was made up of the mammoth, mastodon, rhinoceros, horse, cave-bear (which was more abundant than with the Reindeer people), bison, aurochs, and deer, which inhabited the more genial and fertile plains."

The geological status of the continents on man's first appearance was unique. They had just emerged from the reign of ice. The glaciers had begun to retreat, but, except in Southern Europe and Middle Asia, the climate was still rigorous. The hairy elephant and rhinoceros, clad in winter furs, as well as the fur-clad bear and hyena, found a fitting abode upon the shores of the Atlantic and Mediterranean. The marmot, the wild goat, and the chamois, now confining themselves to the cold peaks of the Alps and the Apennines, lived then upon the lowlands of France and Spain. The musk-ox, in our day restricted to the regions beyond the sixtieth parallel of latitude, grazed in the cold marshes of Dordogne. On the American continent, the subsidence which terminated the reign of frost was not arrested till a large portion of the United States had been again submerged; and on the Oriental continent the indications of northern depression are equally unmistakable and equally extensive.

The moment that the last revolutionary visitation had come to an end-while yet the lands had become scarcely stable in their places-man seems to have suddenly made his appearance among the beasts of the earth, and to have

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moved among them and controlled them with a conscious and uncontested superiority. Let us see what can be learned of the habits and endowments of this primeval

man.

Was primeval man created in Europe, where we have the earliest traces of his existence, or was he here an emigrant from the East? In answer to this question we can produce no decisive facts. There are, however, considerations of weight. In all the later epochs, even of the Age of Stone, there was evidently a continuous migration from the direction of the Asiatic hive. The movement of population has always been westward in regions to the west of the Orient, and it has always been eastward in regions to the east of the Orient. The westward wave overflowed Europe, and in later days crossed the Atlantic. The eastward wave populated Tartary and China, and, as may be presumed, dashed across the Straits of Behring, and flooded the American continent at a remote period. To say the least, till the American shores were reached by the westward wave from Europe, the tide of population in America had always set from north to south. The primeval inhabitants of North America were Asiatics in their features, their language, and their arts, and tradition speaks of them as moving from the direction of Asia. These movements of human populations, like radiating streams, from the western part of Asia, certainly afford a presumption that the only people of whose movement we have neither history, tradition, nor buried monument, proceeded also from the direction of the Orient.

From the same quarter of the world proceeded most of our domestic animals and plants, and in the same quarter of the world the perpetually uttered prophecies of the geologic ages proclaimed that the line of animal life should have its culmination. We have, then, strong presumptive

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