: to higher manifestations in the progress of the ages. There seems, however, to be a fundamental difference in the two kinds of progress. With the lower animals it is a structural advance; with man, an education. With the former the steps of the advance are marked by successive species; with man by successively higher attainments of the intelligence. With the other vertebrates the highest is structurally different; with the succession of human races, the highest and the lowest are structurally identical. Archæologists distinguish three ages in the history of man-the Age of Stone, the Age of Bronze, and the Age of Iron. In the Age of Stone, the uses of the metals had not been discovered, and human implements were constructed of flint, serpentine, diorite, argillite, and other suitable rocks. In the Age of Bronze, implements of bronze began to be introduced, and we descend to the verge of historic times. The Age of Iron is characterized by the use of that metal, and the arts and industries of the most advanced civilization. Most anthropologists are inclined to subdivide the Age of Stone into two or three epochs. Vogt, Lartet, and Christy divide it into two: first, the Cave-Bear Epoch, or epoch of hewn stone implements; secondly, the Reindeer Epoch, or epoch of polished stone implements, carved and artfully decorated bones, and other evidences of "a very intelligent, art-endowed race of men." It is not by any means certain, however, that these two epochs were successive. The more skilled workmen of the Reindeer Epoch may have lived contemporaneously with the Cave-Bear men, as natives of all degrees of civilization have co-existed upon the earth in all ages. Neither is it supposed that the three ages represent three man civilization, each of which, in turn, has been worldwide. We find simply that in the history of every race stages of hu there is a Stone Age; and if the race advances, this is followed by an Age of Bronze, and this by an Age of Iron. Some Eastern nations passed out of their Stone Age three thousand years or more before the Christian era. Some of the peoples of Central and Northern Europe were in their Stone Age when Cæsar subjugated Gaul. The Sandwich Islanders were in their Stone Age when first visited by Capt. Cook, while the Esquimaux and the North American Indians generally are still in their Stone Age. The Age of Stone is simply the stage of infancy. Different peoples have emerged at different epochs from the state of national infancy. When man first made his advent in Europe, that continent was still the abode of quadrupeds now long extinct. The contemporaries of man in the Hewn-stone epoch were the Cave-Bear (Ursus spelaus), followed by the Cave-Hyena (Hyena spelaa) and the Cave-Lion. These gradually gave place to gigantic herbivores-the Hairy Mammoth (Elephas primigenius), the Hairy Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros tichorinus), and the Reindeer. The mammoth roamed in herds over the whole of Europe, Northern Asia, and even North America. The hairy, or two-horned rhinoceros, in company with another two-horned species, thundered through the forests, or wallowed in the jungles and swamps. The rivers and lakes of Southern Europe were tenanted by hippopotami and beavers-the former as huge and unwieldy, and with tusks as large as any which terrify the African Bushman. Three kinds of wild oxen, two of which were of colossal strength, and one of these "maned and villous like the Bonassus," grazed with the marmot, and wild goat, and chamois upon the plains which skirt the Mediterranean. The musk-ox and the reindeer browsed in the meadows of Perigord, in the south of France, while a gigantic elk (Megaceros hibernicus) ranged from Ireland to the borders of Italy (Fig. 99). Fig. 99. Skeleton of Extinct Giant Elk (Megaceros hibernicus) of Ireland, compared with Man. (Reduced from an Irish lithograph.) That these animals lived as contemporaries of man is proven by two classes of evidence. In the first place, the bones of man and the relics of his industry are found preserved in the same situations as the bones of these extinct quadrupeds. In 1828, Tournol and Christol disclosed the coexistence of such remains in the caves of the south of France; and, somewhat later, Schmerling described from caves in the environs of Liège, bones and even crania of men, together with arrow-heads and other articles enveloped in the same stalagmites with the remains of the mammoth, rhinoceros, cave-bear, cave-hyena, and other animals. A similar association of remains has been observed by Austen in the celebrated cave of Kent's Hole, near Torquay, in England. More recently still, more important discoveries have been developed by M. Lartet from the caves in the south of France. In 1841, M. Boucher de Perthes published to the world an account of human remains found buried in the valley of the Somme, near Abbéville, in company with the bones of extinct species of quadrupeds. In 1842 M. Melleville reaffirmed these discoveries, and in 1844 M. Aymard presented new facts disclosed by explorations upon the slope of the mountain of La Denise, near Puy. In 1853 Dr. Rigollot announced the discovery at St. Acheul, near Amiens, of hatchets and articles in cut stone, found imbedded in the same gravel deposit with the fossil remains of the hairy elephant, rhinoceros, and extinct ox. Similar discoveries have been reported from Spain, Italy, Greece, Syria, and England. In the United States we detect also some evidences of the coexistence of man and extinct species of quadrupeds. Dr. Koch, the reconstructor of the Tertiary Zeuglodon, insisted long ago that he had found in Missouri such an association of mastodon and Indian remains as to prove that the two had lived contemporaneously. I have myself observed the bones of the mastodon and elephant imbedded in peat at depths so shallow that I could readily believe the animals to have occupied the country during its possession by the Indian; and gave publication to this conviction in 1862. More recently, Professor Holmes, of Charleston, has informed the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia that he finds upon the banks of the Ashley River a remarkable conglomeration of fossil remains in deposits of posttertiary age. Remains of the hog, the horse, and other animals of recent date, together with human bones, stone arrow-heads, hatchets, and fragments of pottery, are there lying mingled with the bones of the mastodon and extinct gigantic lizards. Contemporary with these American animals, but not yet found associated in their remains with the relics of the hu man species, lived, in North America, horses much larger than the existing species, grazing in company with wild oxen, and herds of bisons (Bison latifrons), and shrubloving tapirs (Tapirus Americanus). The streams were. dammed by the labors of gigantic beavers (Castoroïdes Ohiensis), while the forests afforded a range for species of hog (Dicotyles), and a grateful dwelling-place for numerous edentate quadrupeds related to the sloth, but of gigantic proportions. In the next place, evidences of the contemporaneity of man with species of quadrupeds now extinct are found in carved and deftly-fashioned implements and other articles. made of the horns, bones, and teeth of these animals, and especially by representations of the outlines of many of them executed upon ivory, bone, horn, and slate. The most remarkable discoveries of this kind have been made by M. Lartet, in 1864, in the caves of Perigord, in the south of France. In the midst of the soil and débris with which the bottom of these caves is covered have been exhumed various etchings of animals, executed on pieces of the horns of the deer and the ivory of the elephant. One of these. sketches represents a deer, one the head of a wild goat, another an elk allied to the moose, another the head of a reindeer, another the head of a wild boar, and still another nearly the entire outline of the hairy mammoth (Fig. 100), which conforms marvelously with the restoration of this proboscidean published by the Russian naturalist Brandt. There can be no question but that the artists were personally acquainted with the animals which they outlined (Fig. 101). As we descend to the epoch of the Reindeer folk, the principal change in the fauna of Europe consists in a diminution of the number of carnivores and an increase of the ruminants. The mastodon, elephant, reindeer, elk, and oth |