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APPENDIX III

The fact that solar energy can be used to heat a building comfortably has been demonstrated many times. The table below (Engebretson (7)) gives one of the numerous records of solar building heating to be found in the literature. The data were gathered on a solar house built in Lexington, Massachusetts, and as the table shows (on the last two lines) solar energy supplied 48.2 percent of the total space heating requirements during the 1959-60 heating season, and '56.6 percent in the 1960-61 season.

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APPENDIX IV

(Taken from reference 1)

RESIDENTIAL CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS AND ELECTRICITY, BY END USE, 1960-68

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APPENDIX V

The efficiency of space heating with fossil fuels has been considered by Hottel and Howard (2), who say the following: "Most home heating is accomplished by small furnaces which, when in adjustment, have the efficiencies listed below (ASHRAE, 1969).

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These values, however, are somewhat misleading. Furnaces tend on the average not to be in good adjustment, thereby reducing the above figures by 5 to 10% when a furnace operates continuously. In addition, space temperature control by thermostat is conventionally based on on-off burner operation. During start-up and shut-down oil burner atomization is momentarily poor and air flow rate quite variable because of stack-draft changes, and soot production can be high; during shut-down, air continues to be drawn through the furnace, cooling the firebrick setting as well as transferring heat away from the furnaceheat-transfer surfaces. Such intermittency can drop the overall efficiency to as low as 50-60%, or in water heaters even to 30%."

REFERENCES

1. Donovan, P. and Woodward, W.: "Solar Energy Utilization: A Plan for Action" (Solar Energy Panel of the NSF, July 14, 1972).

2. Hottel, H. C. and Howard, J. B.: New Energy Technology-Some Facts and Assessments (The MIT Press, 1971).

3. Baum, W. A., "Meteorology and the Utilization of Solar Energy," Solar Energy Research, Daniels, F. and Duffie, J. A. (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1955).

4. Pennman, S.: (Private Communication), Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.

5. "Patterns of Energy Consumption in the United States" (Stanford Research Institute, Jan. 1972, pp. 6-7).

6. Chinnery, D. N. W.: "Solar Water Heating in South Africa" (National Building Research Institute Bulletin 44, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report 248, 1967, pp. 1-79). 7. Engebretson, C. D.: "The Use of Solar Energy for Space Heating-MIT Solar House IV" (New Sources of Energy, Vol. 5, UN Conf., Aug. 21-31, 1961).

8. Hollinsworth, F. N.: "Solar Heat Test Structure at MIT" (Heating and Ventilating, May 1947).

9. Hottel, H. C.: "Residential Uses of Solar Energy" (Godfrey L. Cabot Solar Energy Conversion Research Project Publication

#60,1955).

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10. Löf, George O. G.: "Use of Solar Energy for Heating Purposes: Space Heating" (New Sources of Energy, Vol. 5, UN Conf., Aug. 21-31, 1961).

11. Löf, George O. G.: "Solar House Heating-A Panel" (Godfrey L. Cabot Solar Energy Conversion Project Publication #59), 12. Löf, George O. G.; Wakil, M. M. El; Chiou, J. P.: "Design and Performance of Domestic Heating System Employing Solar Heated Air-The Colorado Solar House" (New Sources of Energy, Vol. 5, UN Conf., Aug. 21-31, 1961).

18. Pleijel, G. and Lindström: "A Swedish Solar-Heated House at Capri" (New Sources of Energy, Vol. 5, UN Conf., Aug. 21–31, 1961).

14. Richards, S. J. and Chinnery, D. N. W.: "A Solar Water Heater for Low-Cost Housing" (National Building Research Institute Bulletin 41, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report 237, 1967, pp. 1-25).

15. Telkes, M.: "A Review of Solar House Heating" (Heating and Ventilating's Reference Section, Sept. 1949, pp. 68-74).

16. Telkes, M.: "A Low-Cost Solar Heated House" (Heating and Ventilating, Aug. 1950, pp. 72-74).

17. Tybout, R. A. and Löf, George O. G.: "Solar House Heating" (Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 10, April 1970, pp. 268-326). 18. Whillier, Austin: "Solar House Heating-A Panel" (Godfrey L.

Cabot Solar Energy Conversion Project Publication #59). 19. Yanagimachi, M.: Report on Two and a Half Years' Experimental Living in Yanagimachi Solar House II" (New Sources of Energy, Vol. 5, UN Conf., Aug. 21-31, 1961).

20. Buchberg, H.; LaLude, O. A.; Edwards, D. K.: "Performance Characteristics of Rectangular Honeycomb Solar-Thermal Converters" (Solar Energy, Vol. 13, pp. 193-221).

21. "Space Heating with Solar Energy" (Heating and Ventilating, Sept. 1950, pp. 88-90).

22. "The Energy Crisis: "An Analysis" (Department of Commerce, April 1972).

23. "Solar Cells: Outlook for Improved Efficiency" (National Academy of Sciences, 1972, p. 3).

24. "Minimum Property Standards, One and Two Family Dwellings," (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1971 Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 159 & ff).

25. Moyers, John C.: "The Value of Thermal Insulation in Residential Construction: Economics and the Conservation of Energy" (Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNL-NSF-EP-9).

26. "Impact of Improved Thermal Performance in Conserving Energy" (National Mineral Wall Insulation Association, Inc., Technical Committee Report, April 1972).

5. Reprint: Paper by John I. Yellott for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, "Solar Energy Utilization for Heating and Cooling," prepared for the National Science Foundation Research Applied to National Needs NSF/RANN. Program

Solar Energy Utilization for
Heating and Cooling

Compiled by John I. Yellott, Arizona State University,
for

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers

Principal Investigator: Carl W. MacPhee

Prepared under National Science Foundation Grant GI-39247
Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) Program

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