ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Select Committee on Small Business gratefully acknowledges receipt of permission from the indicated sources to reprint in this volume the following materials: Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration News, "Energy Conservation is Growth Speakers Stress at Electric Institute Conference, June 2, 1975, copyright 1975. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science, "Solar Energy: The Largest Resource," by A. L. Hammond, v. 177, pp. 1088-90, Sept. 22, 1972, copyright 1972. Ann Arbor Science Applications, Inc., Excerpts from Solar Energy Technology and Applications, by J. Richard Williams, PhD, copyright 1974. Chemical Technology, "Solar Energy: How Soon?" by Egan O'Connor, May 1974, copyright 1974; "The Creative Link Between Market and Technology," by Donald W. Collier, February 1975, copyright 1975. The Christian Science Publishing Society, The Christian Science Monitor, "Vermont Village to Experiment in Solar Heating," by Eva Marie Dane, April 18, 1975: "1000 Solar-Heated Buildings Made U.S. Priority Target," by Harry E. Ellis, March 26, 1975; "Solar Heat? Builders Say It's Ready Now," by Harry B. Ellis, May 20, 1975; "Solar Heating An Expensive Bargain," by Harry B. Ellis, April 23, 1975; copyright 1975, all rights reserved. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., Wall Street Journal, "Some Small Innovators Heat Homes by Sun; Light Them by Wind," by David Brand, March 18, 1975, copyright 1975. Doubleday & Co., Inc., Excerpts from Energy for Survival, by Wilson Clark, copyright 1974. Environment. "Solar Energy," by Arthur Tamplin, June 1973, copyright 1973. Forbes, "Harnessing the Sun," October 15, 1974, copyright 1974. Fortune, "Why the U.S. Lags in Technology," by Lawrence Lessing, April 1972, copyright 1972. Futures, "Prospects for Solar Energy," by Mary Archer, June 1974, copyright 1974. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, The Northern Engineer, "The Sun Can Heat Our Homes-Even in the North," by Col. R. A. Mirth, Fall 1974. Institute for Local Self-Reliance, "The Dawning of Solar Cells," by David Morris, copyright 1975. Miami Herald, "Solar Energy for the Taking, but Bureaucrats Bungle Away," July 14, 1975, copyright 1975. Milwaukee Sentinel, "Solar Energy Lag Blamed on Politics," by Richard Bradee, May 17, 1975, copyright 1975. The Mother Earth News, Inc., "John Shuttleworth: Mother's Methane Maker," by John Shuttleworth, May 1974, copyright 1974. (XXVII) Navy Times, "Solar Heat To Be Tested at 15 Facilities," June 2, 1975, copyright 1975. New Scientist, "Brighter Outlook for Solar Power," by Graham Chedd, April 5, 1973, copyright 1973. New York Times Magazine, "Sunny Prospects," by William A. Thomas. Oil Daily, Inc., "Sun Power May be 7-10 Years Away," March 26, 1975, copyright 1975. Pergamon Press Inc., Solar Energy, "The Design and Cost of Optimized Systems for Residential Heating and Cooling by Solar Energy," by G. O. G. Lof and R. A. Tybout, August 1974, copyright 1974. The Philadelphia Inquirer. "G. E. Coffee Breaks Are Solar Heated," April 17, 1975, copyright 1975. The (Asbury Park, N.J.) Press, "Heat's On," May 2, 1975, copyright 1975. Professional Engineer, "Needed for Solar Energy: Formation of a Major Industry," by Dr. James B. Comly, October 1973, copyright 1973. Ramparts, "Solar Power Now," by Tom Zeman, April 1975, copyright 1975. St. Petersburg Florida Times, "Businessmen: Solar Technology Is Here," by Charles Stafford, May 14, 1975, copyright 1975. Sierra Club Bulletin, "Solar Energy Now," by James Spaulding, May 1974, copyright 1974. The Evening Star Broadcasting Co., WMAL-TV, "Solar Energy,” March 21, 1975, all rights reserved. Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., Popular Science, "Now You Can Buy Solar Heating Equipment For Your Home," March 1975, copyright 1975. The Washington Post, "A White House Splash in Solar Heat," by Maxine Cheshire, June 27, 1975, copyright 1975; "Solar Heat System Also Uses Body Heat," by Edward Shiller, April 26, 1975, copyright 1975. Wisconsin State Journal, "Lender 'Open' on Solar Heat Funding." by Steven T. Lovejoy, April 10, 1975, copyright 1975; "Oil Use Cut Seen With Solar," by Steven T. Lovejoy, April 9, 1975, copyright 1975; "Nelson Boosts Solar Energy," by Robert H. Spiegel, June 5, 1975, copyright 1975. Yale University Press, Excerpts from Direct Use of the Sun's Energy by Farrington Daniels, copyright 1964. GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING SOLAR ENERGY A. RECENT LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY 1. Legislation Enacted in the 93d Congress a. Public Law 93-409: The Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974 Public Law 93-409 An Act To provide for the early development and commercial demonstration of the technology of solar 1 eating and combined solar heating and cooling systems Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974". FINDINGS AND POLICY SEC. 2. (a) The Congress hereby finds that (1) the current imbalance between supply and -demand for fuels and energy is likely to persist for some time; (2) the early demonstration of the feasibility of using solar energy for the heating and cooling of buildings could help to relieve the demand upon present fuel and energy supplies; (3) the technologies for solar heating are close to the point of commercial application in the United States; (4) the technologies for combined solar heating and cooling still require research, development, testing and demonstration, but no insoluble technical problem is now foreseen in achieving commercial use of such technologies; (5) the early development and export of viable solar heating equipment and combined solar heating and cooling equipment, consistent with the established preeminence of the United States in the field of high technology products, can make a valuable contribution to our balance of trade; (6) the widespread use of solar energy in place of conventional methods for the heating and cooling of buildings would have a significantly beneficial effect upon the environment; (7) the mass production and use of solar heating and cooling equipment will help to eliminate the dependence of the United States upon foreign energy sources and promote the national defense; (8) the widespread introduction of low-cost solar energy will be beneficial to consumers in a period of rapidly rising fuel cost; (9) innovation and creativity in the development of solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling components and systems can be fostered through encouraging direct contact between the manufacturers of such systems and the architects, engineers, developers, contractors, and other persons interested in installing such systems in buildings; (10) evaluation of the performance and reliability of solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling technologies can be expedited by testing under carefully controlled conditions; and (11) commercial application of solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling technologies can be expedited by early commercial demonstration under practical conditions. 88 STAT. 1069 Solar Heating onstration Aot 42 USC 5501. demonstrations. (b) It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States and Sohedule of the purpose of this Act to provide for the demonstration within a three-year period of the practical use of solar heating technology, and to provide for the development and demonstration within a five-year period of the practical use of combined heating and cooling technology. (2625) 72 Stat. 429. 42 USC 5503. DEFINITIONS SEC. 3. For purposes of this Act (1) the term "solar heating", with respect to any building, means the use of solar energy to meet such portion of the total heating needs of such building (including hot water), or such portion of the needs of such building for hot water (where its remaining heating needs are met by other methods), as may be required under performance criteria prescribed by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development utilizing the services of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards, and in consultation with the Director of the National Science Foundation, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) the terms "solar heating and cooling" and "combined solar heating and cooling", with respect to any building, mean the use of solar energy to provide both such portion of the total heating needs of such building (including hot water) and such portion of the total cooling needs of such building, or such portion of the needs of such building for hot water (where its remaining heating needs are met by other methods) and such portion of the total cooling needs of a building, as may be required under performance criteria prescribed by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development utilizing the services of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards, and in consultation with the Director of the National Science Foundation, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and such term includes cooling by means of nocturnal heat radiation, by evaporation, or by other methods of meeting peakload energy requirements at nonpeak load times; (3) the term "residential dwellings" includes previously occupied and new single family and multifamily dwellings, mobile homes, and publicly assisted housing owned by a private sponsor or a State or local housing authority not covered by section 17; (4) the term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (5) the term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; and (6) the term "Director" means the Director of the National Science Foundation. CONDUCT OF ACTIVITIES IN SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING TECHNOLOGIES BY SEC. 4. Section 203 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 2473) is amended by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (c), and by inserting immediately after subsection (a) the following new subsection: "(b) The Administration shall initiate, support, and carry out such research, development, demonstrations, and other related activities in solar heating and cooling technologies (to the extent that funds are appropriated therefor) as are provided for in sections 5, 6, and 9 of the Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974.". DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS TO BE SEC. 5. (a) The Administrator and the Secretary shall promptly initiate and carry out a program, as provided in this section, for the development and demonstration of solar heating systems (including · 3 Pub. Law 93-409 September 3, 1974 (b) (1) Within 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary, utilizing the services of the Director of the National Bureau of Standards and in consultation with the Administrator and the Director, shall determine, prescribe, and publish (A) interim performance criteria for solar heating components and systems to be used in residential dwellings, and (B) interim performance criteria (relating to suitability for solar heating) for such dwellings themselves, taking into account in each instance climatic variations existing between different geographic areas. 88 STAT. 1071 Publication (2) As soon as possible after the publication of the performance Design criteria prescribed under paragraph (1), the Secretary, in consulta- selection. tion with the Director of the National Bureau of Standards and the Administrator, will select on the basis of open competition a number of designs for various types of residential dwellings suitable for and adapted to the installation of solar heating systems meeting the performance criteria prescribed under paragraph (1)(A). and grants. seg. (c) The Administrator, in accordance with the applicable provi- Contracts sions of title II of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and under program guidelines established jointly by the Administrator and the Secretary, shall, after consultation with the Secretary- 42 USC 2471 et (1) enter into such contracts and grants as may be necessary or appropriate for the development (for commercial production and residential use) of solar heating systems meeting the performance criteria prescribed under subsection (b) (1) (A) (including any further planning and design which may be required to conform with the specifications set forth in such criteria); and (2) enter into contracts with a number of persons or firms for the procurement of solar heating components and systems meeting such performance criteria (including adequate numbers of spare and replacement parts for such systems). Installation (d) The Secretary shall (1) arrange for the installation of solar heating systems procured by the Administrator under subsection (c) and monitoring. (2) in a substantial number of residential dwellings and (2) provide for the satisfactory operation of such installations during the demonstration period. Title to and ownership of any dwellings constructed hereunder and of solar heating systems installed hereunder may be conveyed to purchasers or owners of such dwellings under terms and conditions prescribed by the Secretary, including an express agreement that any such purchaser or owner shall, in such manner and form and on such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, observe and monitor (or permit the Secretary to observe and monitor) the performance and operation of such system for a period of five years, and that such purchaser or owner (including any subsequent owner and occupant of the property who also makes such an agreement) shall regularly furnish the Secretary with such reports thereon as the agreement may require. (e) The Secretary of Defense shall arrange for the installation of solar heating systems procured by the Administrator under subsection (c) (2) in a substantial number of residential dwellings which are located on Federal or federally administered property where the performance and operation of such systems can be regularly and effectively observed and monitored by designated Federal personnel. (f) The Secretary and the Secretary of Defense, and officials responsible for administering Federal or federally administered property, shall coordinate their activities under this section to assure that solar heating systems are installed in a substantial number of resi Federal prop erty installa tions. Variety of installations. |