The whole edition-and how many copies the edition should contain is another point that ought to be arranged in consultation with the publisher-the whole edition ought not to be bound up at once. The publisher will indicate what he considers a reasonably probable estimate of the first batch for binding; and the rest will be "warehoused in quires" until the increasing demand warn the publisher to order up another batch to be bound.

It is likely enough that more than one form of binding may be considered desirable, to meet variety of tastes.

If the book is likely to see hard service, as in the case of school books, the binding will be plain and strong. If it be intended to adorn a drawing-room table, the decision will be based on wholly different principles. In every case, the future use of the book will form the main guiding reason in the selection of a binding.

ADVERTISING.

The book being now firmly in its covers, the fact cannot be too soon notified to the enlightened British public.

But how? Obviously, by announcement in the newspapers and in your bookseller's list of new books. But in which newspapers? To decide this, you must have some means of making an approximate guess at the circulation of the more important newspapers and periodicals. Even this knowledge, however, if attained, would not be sufficient. It is equally, if not even more, necessary to know the special character of the journals or magazines. A book on a technical subject must be advertised in the papers more specially devoted to subjects of the same kind of technical character; a medical book in a medical paper, a law book in a law paper, and so on. So many publications nowadays claim one's patronage that it requires very special experience to make out a judicious list to advertise any particular book in.

There is no want of opportunities to squander money expeditiously in injudicious advertising. Don't be misled by puffing notices of your book, to advertise with the puffer, unless on solid grounds irrespective of the puffing. In one word, rely on the advice of your publisher, who is likely to know fifty times as much about the matter as you do yourself. For he has had experience, and remembers very well what advertisements proved successful and what did not.

COPIES FOR REVIEW.

Much the same thing may be said regarding the distribution of review copies. The journal with the largest circulation may not give the most useful notice of your book; a paper of a comparatively small circulation may have gained an intellectual reputation that the public will regard as more authoritative when it announces what it thinks of your volume. Of course, as before, a very careful selection of papers must be made. And for this purpose, again, the advice of your publisher is invaluable.

The more copies you can afford to send out for review, the better. Every notice is an advertisement, and every additional paper introduces the book to another circle of readers.

Remember on no account to attempt to influence the criticism of any journal. You most certainly cannot influence the opinion of any journal whose opinion is worth having. No charge is made for reviewing, and no payment should be offered.

In case an omitted journal asks for a copy for review, the author must give the application his best consideration. The publisher may, not unfrequently, send a copy at once, without troubling to consult with the author. Unless the application be obviously improper, or the price of the work be high, the author may stretch a point and gratify the applicant.

It is a grave mistake to reply to a severe review. You may think the criticism very unjust, and it may in

fact be very unjust, but to contest the judgment pronounced is almost invariably impolitic. An error of fact, if really important, may be rectified; but critical judgment ought to be accepted in absolute silence. If any useful hints are to be extracted from it, extract them. Then forget the matter instantly as every one else will.

LITERARY COPYRIGHT.

So long as any literary composition remains unpublished, the author or owner has a common law right to prevent another person from publishing it.

Copyright is created by statute. It is defined as "the sole and exclusive liberty of printing or otherwise multiplying copies of any book.' By a "book" is meant " every volume, part or division of a volume, pamphlet, sheet of letter-press, sheet of music, map, chart, or plan separately published."

In order to secure the protection of copyright, a book must have three qualities. It must be original; it must have literary value; and it must be innocent. The meaning of " innocent" may be gathered from its opposites the book must be not immoral; it must be not blasphemous; it must be not seditious or libellous of the State; and it must be not fraudulent—that is, it must not profess to be what it is not, with intent to deceive.

The copyright in a book lasts either for 42 years from the date of first publication, or for the author's life and seven years after his death, according as the one or the other period is the longer. It is valid throughout all the British dominions.

The rights of an author as defined by the provisions of 5 and 6 Vict. c. 45, have been well set forth by Professor T. E. Scrutton in his recent admirable work on "The Laws of Copyright" (John Murray, 1883):

"1. Solely and exclusively by himself or his assigns to print or otherwise multiply copies of his book in the British dominions.

"2. Solely and exclusively by himself or his assigns, or persons thereto authorized by him, to sell, publish, or expose to sale or hire in the British dominions copies of his book.

"3. Solely and exclusively by himself or his assigns to import copies of his book printed abroad into the British dominions.

"4. If his book' is published as part of an encyclopædia, review, magazine, or periodical publica

tion:

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(a). In the absence of express or implied agreement to the contrary the author has rights 1, 2, 3, above, with regard to its publication in a separate form from the date of its first publication in any manner.

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(b). If there is an agreement, express or implied, that the publisher of the review or magazine shall have copyright in the article singly and as a part of his work, such publisher has the right to reprint the article as a part of the work for which it was written for 28 years from its first publication, but may not reprint it singly without the consent of the author or his representatives.

"(c). At the end of such term of 28 years the author or his assigns have rights 1, 2, 3, for a further term of 14 years.

"(d). While the copyright in the magazine or periodical belongs to its proprietor, the author may by express contract reserve himself the right of separate publication during such 28 years.

"(e). In the case of encyclopædias, probably the division into 28 and 14 years does not exist, but the proprietor may reprint the work for 42 years from first publication, the consent of the author being still required for the reprinting of his article in a separate form.

"For the copyright in such articles to pass to the proprietor, he must pay for the article on the terms

that the copyright shall belong to him. Mere pay. ment will not imply such terms.

"5. The proprietor of a work first published after the author's death has the same rights as the author, for a term of 42 years from first publication.

"6. The person who employs another to write a book on the terms that copyright in such book shall belong to the employers and not to the author, has for the statutory terms the same rights as the author would have had in the absence of such agreement."

A book may or may not be registered at Stationers' Hall. In either case the copyright remains unaffected. But it must be registered there before legal proceedings can be taken for the protection of the copyright. On application for registration, the author is required to fill up a form, in which he states the chief facts concerning the book-the title, the name of the publisher and the place of publication, the name and address of the owner of the copyright, and the date of first publication. The fee for registration is five shillings. Any person may inspect the register on payment of an inspection fee of one shilling in respect of each entry consulted. An official copy of any entry may be had on payment of a fee of five shillings.