deposit of funds, as are necessary for the purpose of making available low-cost insurance through a UAW-CIO insurance company."

Antiracketeering. "No member of any local union shall be eligible to hold any elective or appointive position in the International Union or any local union if he is affirmatively engaged in the promotion, implementation, furtherance, or support of organized in-plant rackets, such as numbers, bookmaking, etc." In explaining the significance of this amendment, the chairman of the committee said: "We are not trying by constitutional provisions to set the moral standards of our membership. Every member of our union has a right to lead his life as he sees fit, but we do draw a distinction between people who have positions of responsibility in our union and ordinary members. . . . We don't want our committeemen or stewards or local union officers to bargain with management on a set of grievances or a contract where they have compromised their positions because they are in cahoots with management in some sort of racket."

Officers Elected

Walter P. Reuther, president, and Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer, were nominated and reelected by acclamation. The two vice presidents, Richard Gosser and John W. Livingston, were reelected on roll call votes, as were all except one of the regional directors, who are also members of the international executive board of the union.

Biennial Conventions

The next convention of the International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO) will be held in New York in May 1953. It was also decided that the subsequent convention will be held in April 1955. This decision broke the long-established provision for annual conventions for the union, although a proposal to extend the terms of local union officers to 2 years was defeated.

-BORIS STERN Bureau of Labor Statistics

Management Interest in Accident Prevention

SAFETY CONSCIOUSNESS is the most potent factor in the prevention of accidents, a Bureau of Mines engineer, Stanley M. Walker, stated in a paper presented before the Cement and Quarry Section of the National Safety Congress, Chicago, October 18, 1950.1 He defined safety consciousness as "awareness of hazard and alertness to danger, which controls every action of an individual through his desire to remain alive and uninjured.

Safety consciousness is not a constant for which a specific value can be assigned, but is a variable, which is frequently intangible. If a man takes chances, indulges in unsafe practices, uses an improper tool, or leaves an open hole unguarded, he is not safety conscious. Few, if any, men are completely oblivious of their safety ... but many persons manifest [safety consciousness] intermittently."

...

"Top management," in Mr. Walker's opinion, "is responsible for the safety of every worker; it controls local safety policies, thereby acknowledging the responsibility. . . If the worker is to avoid injury, the top officials must point the way. Safety consciousness must be stimulated from the highest ranking official to the least skilled worker on the payroll, every day in the year, and every hour of the day. . . . Safety consciousness must be comprehensive. It must reach every corner of the plant; it must be evident at all meetings; and, most of all, it must be so instilled that all men in supervisory positions will set good examples in safety to the men under them."

Results of Safety Education

During the past 5 years, the speaker has conducted accident-prevention classes, sponsored by the Bureau of Mines, and has studied accident experience at plants of 62 companies engaged in mining, quarrying, and cement manufacturing,

whose annual employment ranges from 100,000 to 4,000,000 man-hours of working time. Records of these companies showed a definite relationship between accident rates and management interest in safety work. At 25 of the companies, highranking officials, usually a general manager or plant manager, attended all sessions of the accident-prevention classes, and "took advantage of the classes to instill into their supervisors some of their own safety consciousness and proved by their actions that 'safety first' was not only a slogan at their plants but an actuality and of paramount importance. Under such leadership, superintendents and foremen are most likely to reflect the enthusiasm and safety consciousness of the 'boss,' and they, in turn, find it easy and natural to instill safety consciousness into the workers. This has been borne out by an average frequency rate of 5.26 for these 25 companies."

In contrast with the safety record of the 25 companies, one of the highest injury-frequency rates, over 200, was found at a company where only two men-boys just out of school, and in clerical positions-attended the accident-prevention classes. When questioned about this, the manager said he was "too busy to be bothered with classes just then," although he had previously expressed the need for the Bureau of Mines' service and his appreciation of the opportunity afforded.

Attendance at accident-prevention classes, and participation of top company officials, together with average injury-frequency rates of the different groups, are shown below.

different, the foremen feel free to raise extraneous points, quibble over nonessentials, and even walk in and out of sessions as the 'spirit moves them.' If the highest-ranking man is really safety conscious, he will be keenly interested, take a leading part in discussions, and bring up questions pertinent to plant or practice betterment; the other men in the class almost invariably will reflect some of his enthusiasm for safety. There is no better way to instill safety consciousness in the foremen and workmen."

"As increased importance is attached to accident-prevention education, even to utilization of production time for it, the frequency of accidents actually falls, group by group." The speaker pointed out that this is indicated by the following figures which show class attendance by foremen at the plants studied.

Measurement of Safety Consciousness

On the basis of information obtained in his work with the 62 companies represented in his paper, Mr. Walker constructed a "master" chart for the tabulation of data "pertinent to safety consciousness," from which he drew the preceding tables and conclusions. As the use of such a chart should be of value in accident-prevention work at other companies, the topical heads and explanations are here reproduced.

1.-Company; designated by number only.

2. Injury frequency:

Number of lost-time injuries per million man-hours worked.

3.—Injury severity:

Number of days lost per thousand man-hours worked. 4.-Man-hours worked annually:

The man-hours worked ordinarily reflect the size of an operation, diversification of its plants, multiplicity of its equipment and exposure to hazard. . . .

5.-Number of recommendations made for plant, quarry, or mine improvement per 100,000 man-hours worked annually, thus reducing the number of recommendations made to comparability by size.

6.-Plant protection based on the number of recommendaations made:

Very good-Less than 1 recommendation per 100,000 man-hours.

Good-1 or 2 recommendations per 100,000 manhours.

Fair -3 or 4 recommendations per 100,000 man-hours. Poor 5 or 6 recommendations per 100,000 manhours.

Very poor-Over 6 recommendations per 100,000 man-hours.

7. Who pays for attendance at accident-prevention classes?

Held on company's time entirely.

Held on the men's time entirely.

Held half on the men's time and half on the company's time.

8. Work practices and safety rules as follows:

Very good-Safety rules printed in booklet form and familiarity with them required; infractions of the rules resulting in less than 5 percent of the total injuries.

Good-Safety rules printed, but laxity in distribution and familiarity; infractions resulting in 5 to 10 percent of the injuries.

Fair No printed rule books, but safety rules publi-
cized in some manner; infractions resulting in 5 to
10 percent of the injuries.

Poor-Verbal safety rules only; infractions resulting
in 10 to 20 percent of the injuries.
Very poor-Reliance on State laws and the unwritten
rule; infractions resulting in more than 20 percent
of the injuries.

Although precision is impossible in the foregoing classification, a surprising number of companies fall into the pattern of increased infractions of the printed or commonsense rule as publicity of these rules decreases, and the figures given for each classification have few exceptions. 9. Number eligible for instruction in accident prevention: Companies usually compiled a list of their personnel from foreman up to and including the top operating officials, and included others whom they considered should take the course; this list constituted the eligibles.

10. Number of the eligibles fully trained and receiving certificates.

11.-Number partly trained due to absenteeism. 12. Participation of top management in classes:

The highest ranking official attending the class is shown, together with the number of officials above him in rank who failed to attend. The attitude and activity of the top official attending were noted as:

(a) Leading in discussions, asking questions, discussing recommendations, and in other ways indicating his safety consciousness and interest.

(b) Not leading but showing good interest in safety work.

(c) Nonparticipating and interest apparently lacking. (d) Presence detrimental to class discussion.

1 Safety Consciousness-an Evaluation. By Stanley M. Walker. Reproduced as Information Circular 7595, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, 1951.

Pulmonary Fibrosis Among Illinois Ferrous Foundrymen'

PULMONARY FIBROSIS of occupational origin was found in 9.2 percent of foundry workers given chest X-ray examinations during a 1-year study of exposure to silicosis and other occupational hazards in iron and steel foundries in Illinois.2 The study, conducted by the U. S. Public Health Service and the Illinois Department of Public Health, was begun in April 1948, and covered a total of 1,937 workers medically examined. Of the workers X-rayed, 7.7 percent were in the granular, second-degree, stage of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, and 1.5 percent were in the more advanced or nodular (silicosis) stages. Molders in gray-iron foundries, and cleaning and finishing operators in steel foundries, had the highest incidence of nodular fibrosis.

Exposure of 14 years or more was generally required for nodular silicosis to develop among the foundry workers studied. Of those examined medically, 12.5 percent had spent 30 years or more in iron and steel foundry occupations; 24.8 percent, 20 years or more; and 45.1 percent, 10 years or more.

The amount of free silica in the airborne dust, as ascertained by environmental studies made in 18 foundries, varied with the operation-from an average of 13 percent at coremaking to 29 percent at pouring, shakeout, and sand conditioning. The free silica content in the settled dust averaged 30 percent throughout the foundries. The proportion of iron in the airborne dust ranged from 3 to 9 percent for all operations except casting cleaning which varied from 30 to 38 percent.

Operational dust levels at various foundry activities, in general, were much lower than those reported in earlier investigations. "Thus, it is likely," according to the study, "that in many instances the pulmonary fibrosis observed was due in great part to higher dust concentrations which probably existed 10, 15, or more years previously in the foundries. The conditions noted, however, generally leave room for improvement in the control of silica and other hazards."

Other health hazards were attributed to smoke and gases containing carbon monoxide and the aldehydes, and to such physical agents as heat,

rapid changes in temperature, noise, and defective illumination.

Work History

More than 80 percent of the entire group were in the same broad occupational class at the time of the study as that in which they had spent the greatest number of years while working in ferrous foundries. Only about 4 percent had come to foundry work from trades in which the occupation might have had excessive dust. The distribution of the 1937 workers studied, by principal occupational class, was coremaker (244), molder (550), cleaner and finisher (342), shakeout man (226), maintenance and supervision (172), and laborer and other (403).

Of the 1,937 foundrymen examined clinically, 69 percent were white and 31 percent Negro. Their median age was 40.7 years. Whereas 56.1 percent of the white foundry workers had been in ferrous foundries 10 years or more when medically examined, 60.4 percent of the Negro foundrymen had been so engaged for less than 5 years.

Years worked in iron and steel foundries, 1,937 male workers examined medically in 16 Illinois foundries, by race

histories were also taken. In many instances, engineering data on the working environment were correlated with medical findings. Workers from all shifts were studied.

Chest roentgenograms were taken of 1,824 among the 1,937 foundrymen examined. Significant pulmonary fibrosis of occupational origin, as determined by the X-ray and historical and clinical data, was found in 168 workers, or 9.2 percent. Of these, 140 (7.7 percent) showed granular or diffuse, stage-2, lung markings, and 28 (1.5 percent) showed nodular fibrosis (silicosis). Four of the latter had more advanced stages of nodular fibrosis.

The 28 foundrymen who had nodular fibrosis were white, and from 45 to 73 years of age; 23 were over 50 years of age. Among these, 18 were gray-iron foundrymen and 10 steel foundrymen. The principal occupation of 14 of the gray-iron foundrymen was molder, and of 9 of the steel foundrymen, cleaner and finisher. Time spent in the principal occupation by the 28 workers approximated total years spent in foundry work: from 14 to 52 years for all but 2; more than 20 years for all but 6.

For the 168 workers who had either diffuse stage-2 or nodular pulmonary fibrosis, the study showed a progressive increase in incidence rates with increasing years of exposure in principal occupations.

Significantly elevated blood pressure levels, as well as other blood findings, showed a positive association with increasing degrees of pulmonary fibrosis. Abrasive dusts in the foundry atmosphere accentuated the wearing away of tooth surfaces.

Work Environment and Recommendations

Foundry dusts originated principally from sands used in molding and coremaking operations; these sands averaged 75 and 86 percent free silica content, respectively. Another important source of silica dust in molding was the use of highsilica dry parting compounds in 3 foundries.

Probably the dustiest of all foundry operations, according to the study, was the job of chipping out cupolas. Unloading sand from railroad cars, performed manually in all the foundries studied, was another very dusty job. Such exposures, however, were intermittent and relatively short.

Machine operations were often dustier than manual operations unless supplemented by proper control measures. Dust produced by one operation might affect adjoining areas unless safeguarded.

Al

The foundries studied, in general, were clean, the housekeeping was adequate, and dust suppression measures were employed. Some buildings were well constructed, permitting adequate natural ventilation and natural illumination. though the majority of the foundries were not completely mechanized, modern production techniques usually were employed. Some foundries did not utilize the latest methods of artificial illumination, and those studied gave very little consideration to the reduction of noise." In general, sanitation facilities were considered adequate and satisfactorily maintained, although some improvements were needed in a few plants.

Recommendations. To offset atmospheric contamination either by dust or by fumes and gases, the study recommended that (1) local exhaust ventilation be employed during the use of mechanical shakeout equipment; (2) exhaust ventilation be utilized with portable grinding; (3) very dusty operations, such as shakeout or sand conditioning, be scheduled when few workers are present; (4) adequate ventilation be provided to prevent excess concentrations of carbon monoxide during pouring operations and around furnace charging; (5) the use of high-silica (over 8 percent) parting compounds be discontinued; (6) exhaust systems

and dust collection equipment be given proper maintenance; (7) the best possible housekeeping program be enforced at all times; (8) when buildings are to be remodeled or new ones built, consideration be given to the location of various operations in order to minimize the number of workers affected by the high-dust operations.

In addition, the study recommended (1) that modern lighting techniques be employed for the improvement of artificial illumination to reduce eye strain and minimize industrial accidents in the dusty atmosphere of the foundry; and (2) that particularly noisy machines be isolated whenever possible, or else appropriate acoustical treatment be utilized in the area of location, so as not to impair the worker's hearing.

1 Information is from Health of Ferrous Foundrymen in Illinois, by United States Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene, and Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Industrial Hygiene. Washington, Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, 1950. (Public Health Service Publication No. 31).

18 foundries were studied environmentally; of these, 16 were studied medically. The selection of foundries was made after a preliminary survey by the Illinois State Department of Public Health of all ferrous foundries of the State. The sample contained different types of ferrous foundries: large and small, mechanized and nonmechanized, gray-iron and steel, and those of contrasting states of cleanliness.

The medical examinations in the 16 foundries covered 1,937 foundrymen out of total employment of slightly more than 2,000. No women were examined. 1,267 workers were examined in gray-iron and 670 in steel foundries. A principal occupational class was one in which each worker had spent the greatest number of combined years in ferrous foundries.

4 The study noted that the incidence of pulmonary fibrosis uncovered was likely to be understated, as obviously foundry workers with manifest lung disease had left their employment before the study began.

Evaluation of sound intensities and frequencies in 12 individual foundries, by selected departments, is included in the study, with recommendations. Measurements of illumination encountered in the foundries are also presented, with related material and recommendations.

Family Spending in Memphis, 1949

MONEY INCOME of Memphis families in 1949, after payment of personal taxes, averaged $3,583, and exceeded expenditures for current consumption, which averaged $3,424. The excess was not sufficient, however, to pay for insurance and to make gifts and contributions.

This information was obtained in a survey of consumer expenditures made in Memphis by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the spring of 1950.

The survey had a twofold purpose: (1) to get a record of family expenditures and savings similar to the records obtained in surveys made for three cities each year from 1945 through 1948;1 and (2) to test various survey procedures which might be used in the extensive survey of 1950 expenditures to be conducted in 1951 as part of the program for revision of the Consumers' Price Index. (Results of these tests will be the subject of a subsequent article in the Review.) The present article presents preliminary data on expenditures and savings, which are subject to revision when detailed expenditure tabulations have been completed.