II. Bestimmung von Zn, Cd, Hg, In, Ti, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, und Bi durch fractionierte distillation, Z Angen Mineral 3: 8, 1940.

(23) Ge has not been detected as a microconstituent of the body. Rosenfeld, G.: Metabolism of Germanium, Arch Biochem 48: 84, 1954 (Reports less than 0.4 ppm of rat tissue. If human body burden is about 20% of this upper limit, it equals about 6 mg Ge/70 kg.)

(24) Bone concentrations determine upper limit of tin body burden. Using bone and muscle values reported by Kehoe, R. A.; Cholak, J.; and Story, R. V.: A Spectrochemical Study of the Normal Ranges of Concentration of Certain Trace Metals in Biological Materials, J Nutr 19: 579, 1940; and remaining tissue values reported by Tipton (reference 14) the body burden of tin is about 12 mg Sn/70 kg. As a result of high exposure to industrial sources, one-half of this burden can be assigned to industrial sources.

(25) Hg has been found in the body to the extent of about 0.002 ppm. Stock, A.: Mercury in the Tissues of Man, Z Biochem 316: 108, 1944.

(26) Tl and Bi have not been detected as microconstituents of the body. Using upper limits reported by Tipton (reference 14), 3 mg Tl/70 kg and 2 Mg Bi/70 kg are obtained as upper limits, and if human body burdens are about 20% of these values, they are 0.6 Mg Tl and 0.4 Mg Bi in a 70 kg body.

(27) Turekian, K., and Kulp, J. L.: The Geochemistry of Strontium, Geochem Cosmochim Acta 10: 245, 1956.

(28) Heide, F., and Christ, W.: On the Geochemistry of Strontium and Barium, Chem Erde 16: 327, 1953.

(29) Bowen, H. J. M., and Dymond, J. A.: Strontium and Barium in Plants and Soils, Proc Roy Soc 144: 355, 1956.

(30) McLester, J. S.: Nutrition and Diet in Health and Disease, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1940.

(31) Rivera, J.: Stable Strontium in Tri-City Diets, Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report, US AEC Health Safety Lab 131: 230, 1962.

(32) Sr-90 in Human Diet in the United Kingdom 1958, Agriculture Des Council Radiobiol Lab, Department 1, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1959. (33) Grummitt, W. E.: "Strontium and Barium in Bone and Diet," in Radioactive Fallout From Nuclear Weapons Tests, A. W. Clement, Jr. (ed.) New York: Proceedings of Conference at Germantown, Md, 1961, book 2, p 376.

(34) Aarkrog, A.: Environmental Radioactivity in Denmark, RISO, Department 41, 1962.

(35) Henderson, E. H.; Parker, A.; and Webb, M. S. W.: Barium in Bones and Foodstuffs, UKAEA, Research Group Chemical Division Woolwich Outstation, AERE-R-4035, 1962.

(36) Thurber, D. L., et al: Common Strontium Content of the Human Skeleton, Science 128:256, 1958.

(37) Sowden, E. M., and Stitch, S. R.: Estimation of the Concentrations of Stable Strontium and Barium in Human Bone, J Biochem 67:104, 1957.

(38) Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, ed 8, New York: Macmillan Co., 1952.

(39) Nicolaysen, R.; Eeg-Larsen, N.; and Malm O. J.: Physiology of Calcium Metabolism, Physiol Rev 33:424, 1953.

(40) Comar, C. L., and Wasserman, R. H.: "Strontium," in Comar, C. L., and Bronner, F. (eds.): Mineral Metabolism, on Advanced Treatise, New York: Academic Press, Inc., vol 2, pt A, 1964.

(41) Langham, W., and Anderson, E. C.: Environmental Contamination From Weapon Tests: Entry of Radioactive Fallout Into the Biosphere and Man, US AEC, Health Safety Lab 42:282, 1958.

(42) Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, US Government Printing Office, 1963.

(43) Bureau of Census: United States Census of Population: 1960, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1, US Government Printing Office. (44) Wright, F. W.; Hodge. P. W.; and Langway, C. C.: Studies of Particles for Extra Terrestrial Origin, J Geophys Res 68:5575, 1963.

(45) Reed, G. W.; Kigoshi, K.; and Turkevich, A.: Determinations of Concentrations of Heavy Elements in Meteorites by Activation Analysis, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 20:122, 1960.

(46) Patterson, C.: The Pb207/Pb206 Ages of Some Stone Meteorites, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 7:151, 1955.

(47) Monier-Williams, G. W.: Public Health Reports, Ministry of Health, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1938.

(48) Kehoe, R. A.: The Metabolism of Lead in Man in Health and Disease: The Harben Lectures, 1960, J Roy Inst Public Health 24:81-97, 101-120, 129–143, 177-203, 1961.

(49) Schroeder, H. A., and Balassa, J. J.: Abnormal Trace Metals in Man: Lead, J Chronic Dis 14:408, 1961.

(50) Chambers, L. A.; Foster, M. J.; and Cholak, J.: A Comparison of Particulate Loadings in the Atmosphere of Certain American Cities, read before the Third National Air Pollution Symposium, Pasadena, Calif, 1955.

(51) Public Health Service: Air Pollution Measurement of the National Air Sampling Network, Public Health Service publication 978, 1962.

(52) Durum, W. H.; Heidel, S. G.; and Tison, L. J.: World Wide Runoff of Dissolved Solids, IASH Commission of Surface Waters, publication No. 51:518, 1960. (53) Turekian, K. K., and Kleinkopf, M. D.: Estimates of the Average Abundance of Copper Manganese, Lead, Titanium, and Chromium in Surface Waters of Maine, Bull Geol Soc Amer 67:1129, 1956.

(54) Kleinkopf, M. D.: Spectrographic Determination of Trace Elements in Lake Waters of Northern Maine, Bull Geol Soc Amer 71:1231, 1960.

(55) Kehoe, R. A.; Cholak, J.; and Largent, E. J.: The Concentrations of Certain Trace Metals in Drinking Water, J Amer Water Works Assoc 36:637, 1944. (56) Braidech, M. M., and Emery, F. H.: Spectrographic Determination of Minor Chemical Constituents in Various Water Supplies in the US., J Amer Water Works Assoc 27:557, 1935.

(57) US Public Health Service: National Water Quality Network, Annual Compilation of Data, US Public Health Service publication 663, 1959-1962.

(58) Langham, W. H.: "Radioisotope Absorption and Methods of Elimination: Relative Significance of Portals of Entry," in Caldecott, R. S. and Snyder, L. A. (eds.): Symposium on Radioisotopes in the Biosphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960.

(59) Alimentary absorption of water-soluble lead is about 10% (reference 48). Food lead is less readily absorbed, and the value may be closer to 5%, a value which has been observed for soluble barium (reference 41).

(60) The concentration of lead in American tobacco has decreased from a high of about 130 ppm during the early 1950's to an estimated 20 ppm today. These values are inferred from arsenic values.

Satterlee, H. S.: The Problem of Arsenic in American Cigarette Tobacco, New Eng J Med 254:1149, 1956; Weber, J. H.: Arsenic in Cigarette Tobacco, J Sci Food Agriculture 8:490, 1957; Guthrie, F. F.; McCants, C. B.; and Small, H. G., Jr: Arsenic Content of Commercial Tobacco, 1917-1958, Tobaco Sci 3:62, 1959; Tobacco 148:20, 1959.

Most of the lead originated from lead arsenate insecticides, and its decrease was caused by the substitution of organic for metallic insecticides. The transfer factor from cigarette to smoke is 4%.

Coghill, E. C., and Hobbs, M. E.: Transfer of Metallic Constituents of Cigarettes to the Main-Stream Smoke, Tobacco Sci 69:24, 1957.

(61) Brecher, R., et al: The Consumers Union Report on Smoking and the Public Interest, New York: Consumers Union, Inc., 1963.

(62) Hamilton, A., and Hardy, H. L.: Industrial Toxicology, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., a division of Harper & Brothers, 1949.

(63) Cantarow, A., and Trumper, M.: Lead Poisoning, Baltimore: William & Wilkins Co., 1944.

(64) Egli, R., et al: Die verbreitung der chronischen bleivergiftung in Akkumulatoren und bleifarben fabriken, Schweiz Med Wschr 87:1171, 1957.

(65) Hofreuter, D. H., et al: The Public Health Significance of Atmospheric Lead, Arch Environ Health 3:568, 1961.

(66) California State Department of Public Health: Health Effects of Atmospheric Lead in Los Angeles, preprint, part of program for survey of lead in three urban communities by the Working Group on Lead Contamination, composed of representatives of the U.S. Public Health Service, the California State Department of Public Health, the Ethyl Corporation, the E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., the G.M.C. Technical Center, the A.P.I., and the Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati.

(67) Krause, D. P.: Stable Lead in Human Bone, ANL-6398, pp 77, 1961. (68) Bruderold, F., and Steadman, L. T.: Distribution of Lead in Human Enamel, J Dent Res 35:430, 1956.

(69) Lead alkyls are burned in the United States today at a rate of 1.6 X 1011 gm Pb/year:

J. R. Sabina, Manager, Anti-Knock and Planning, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Lead Anti-Knock Consumption in the Free World, read before the 35th Annual Meeting of the Lead Industries Association, Inc., Chicago, April 29, 1963.

About one third of this lead is emitted as temporary atmospheric impurities greater than 5μ in diameter (chiefly as mixed halogen salts).

Hirschler, D. A., et al: Particulate Lead Compounds in Automobile Exhaust Gas, Industr Eng Chem 49:1131, 1957.

(70) Half of the lead alkyls are burned in rural areas. Highway Statistics, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, Annual Report, 1960.

(71) Biddulph, O.: "Radioisotopes in Plants: Foliar Entry and Distribution," in Caldecott, R. S., and Snyder, L. A. (eds): Symposium on Radioisotopes in the Biosphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960.

89

(72) Middleton, L. J.: "Radioisotopes in Plants: Practical Aspects of Aerial Contamination With Strontium and Cesium137," in Caldecott, R. S., and Snyder, L. A. (eds): Symposium on Radioisotopes in the Biosphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960.

(73) Ziegfeld, R. I.: Importance and Uses of Lead, Arch Environ Health 8: 202, 1964.

(74) Sanborn, N. H.: Substitute Solders and Substitute Metal Containers for Canned Food Products, National Canners Association, W.P.B. Research project NRC-502N, 1943.

(75) Gehrke, C. W.; Runyan, C. V.; and Pickett, E. E.: A Quantitive Specto-graphic Method for the Determination of Sn, Cu, Fe and Pb in Milk and Milk Products: The Effect of Storage on the Concentration of These Metals in Evaporated Milk, J Dairy Sci 37:1401, 1954.

(76) Shepard, H. H.: The Chemistry and Action of Insecticides, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1951.

(77) Frear, D. E. H.: Chemistry of Insecticides, Fungicides, and Herbicides, ed 2, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1948.

(78) Rama, K. M. and Goldberg, E. D.: Lead-210 in Natural Waters, Science 134: 98, 1961.

(79) Logan, K. H., and Swing, S. P.: Soil Corrosion Studies 1934, Field Tests of Nonbituminous Coatings for Underground Use, Nat Bureau Standards J Res 18:361, 1937.

(80) Lead Industries Association: Lead in Modern Industry, Lord Baltimore Press, 1952.

(81) National Coal Association: Bituminous Coal Facts, 1958.

(82) Corey, R. C., et al.: Occurrence and Determination of Germanium in Coal Ash From Power Plants, US Bureau of Mines Bull No. 575, 1959.

(83) White, H.: DeVoe Paint Co., Bay State Laboratories, Boston, personal communication to the author.

(84) US Department of the Interior: Lead, a Material Survey, 1950, Report to NSRB, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey, 1951.

(85) Danson, E. B.: Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Ariz., personal communication to the author.

(86) Cholak, J.; Schafer, L. J.; and Sterling, T. D.: The Lead Content of the Atmosphere, J Air Pollut Contr Assoc 11:281, 1961.

(87) Cholak, J., et al: The Nature of the Suspended Matter: An Aerometric Survey of the Los Angeles Basin August-November 1954, Los Angeles: Air Pollution Foundation, report No. 9, 1955.

(88) Gitelman, H. J. and Neuman, W. F.: Lead-Hydroxy Apatite Interaction, US AEC UR-551, 1959.

(89) Neuman, W. F., and Newman, M. W.: The Chemical Dynamics of Bone Mineral, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.

(90) Behrens, B., and Baumann, A.: Z Expor Med 92:16, 241, 251, 296, 1933. (91) Hunter, D., and Aub, J. C. : Quart J Med 20:123, 1926.

(92) Aub, J. C., et al.: Lead Poisoning, Medicine 4:1, 1925.

(93) Lederer, L. G., and Bing, F. C.: Effect of Calcium and Phosphorus on Retention of Lead by Growing Organism, COUNCIL OF FOODS, JAMA 114:2457, 1940.

(94) Warren, H. V.: Some Aspects of the Relationship Between Health and Geology, Canad J Public Health 52:157, 1961.

(95) The Working Group on Lead Contamination: Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service publication No. 999-AP-12, 1965.

(96) Gusev, M. I.: Limits of Allowable Lead Concentration in the Air of Inhabited Localities, book, 4, 1960, by Committee for the Determination of Allowable Atmospheric Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants Allied With the Chief State Sanitary Inspectorate of the USSR, Prof V. A. Ryazanov, (ed.). Translation distributed by US Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.

(97) Princi, F.: Medical Perspective in Atmospheric Hygiene, JAMA 182:650, 1962.

Senator MUSKIE. May I express my appreciation for your coming to the committee and for your courtesy in holding over from yesterday. Senator Boggs, do you have any questions?

Senator BOGGS. No, Mr. Chairman. Thank you very much.
Senator MUSKIE. Thank you very much.

Dr. PATTERSON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator MUSKIE. Our next witness is Mr. Wesley E. Gilbertson, Chief of the Office of Solid Waste, Public Health Service, Bureau of State Services, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Mr. Gilbertson, it is a pleasure to welcome you.

STATEMENT OF WESLEY E. GILBERTSON, CHIEF, OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, BUREAU OF STATE SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Mr. GILBERTSON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I am very happy to have the opportunity to be here today. I plan to cover in this statement two topics in which the subcommittee is particularly interested: the program being carried out by the Office of Solid Wastes under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, which was developed by this subcommittee last year; and legislation you now have under consideration which would authorize a national program for the disposal of junked, abandoned, and wrecked automobiles. With your permission Mr. Chairman, I will reserve comment on this legislation for the latter portion of my statement.

Under the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, the United States is embarked, at what we must frankly recognize is the 11th hour, on a path toward solution of the national problem of solid waste disposal. As I will detail in a moment, the comprehensive effort envisioned by the Solid Waste Disposal Act has been rapidly and effectively gotten underway. Although the dimensions of this effort, which is now in its sixth month, are modest, the basis has surely been laid for development of the broad program called for by the Congress and unquestionably needed in the public interest.

I say that this program comes into existence at the 11th hour for reasons with which members of the subcommittee are well acquainted. As your previous hearings have amply brought out, the national effort to come to grips with the problem of solid waste disposal has until now been dangerously inadequate and insufficient. The lack of even minimally acceptable disposal operations in well over half the cities and towns of the country with more than 2,500 inhabitants, the fact that solid waste disposal is associated with flagrant and subtle threats to the public health and welfare, and the almost total absence of much needed research to uncover, and demonstrations to evaluate,

bold new solid waste management ideas and techniques, the serious and growing shortage of trained personnel to apply new knowledge in the field of solid waste management; and the fact that most communities and States simply cannot afford to make the necessary investment to overcome any of these shortcomings confront the Nation with an environmental hazard of staggering proportions and critical implications.

And as you know the situation may well get worse before it gets better. Our rising national productivity and the steady climb in population combine to produce even greater amounts of materials which we Americans have to throw away.

Already we have found that throwing things away whether it is the huge and infinitely variegated array of municipal trash, refuse, demolition and construction debris, garbage, and street sweepings, or the even greater mass of industrial and agricultural solid wastes that have to be disposed of somehow-throwing away the 800 million pounds of solid wastes that Americans generate every day is no easy task. To do this without polluting the air, the water, and the land on which our health and lives depend is an incredibly complex challenge, one for which we do not yet have satisfactory answers.

But we are beginning now to seek the answers. Under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, we are beginning to forge a national attack on the problem of solid waste disposal, an attack which embraces all the needed weapons, from basic scientific research to enlightened public action, from full-scale demonstrations of promising new disposal technology to innovations in attempts to find ways of turning discarded solid wastes into valuable and beneficial resources that will enrich the environment and the life of man.

The Solid Waste Disposal Act was signed into law by the President on October 20, 1965. On December 3, the Office of Solid Wastes was established within the Public Health Service to administer the program called for in the act.

The authorities and responsibilities conferred on the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, were delegated to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service and by the Surgeon General to the Chief of the Office of Solid Wastes.

Supplemental funds in the amount of $4 million were appropriated by the Congress and apportioned to the Office of Solid Wastes on January 25, 1966, by which time considerable progress had already been made in recruitment of staff and administrative development of the new program.

Briefly and without going into lengthy detail, Mr. Chairman, let me outline the organization of the Office of Solid Wastes. The Office of the Chief is responsible for the overall conduct of the program and for liaison with other Federal and non-Federal agencies and organizations with which the Office of Solid Wastes will be working cooperatively.

Five key units have been established within the Office of Solid Wastes. The Training Branch plans and directs a variety of activities designed to raise the level of knowledge and skills of personnel-including those from Government and industry—who are or will be engaged in solid waste disposal activities.

The Research Branch will carry out research projects in the laboratory and in field designed to add new knowledge of the nature of