7. Because smoke drift is interstate, the Federal Government should prescribe maximum tolerable limits for noxious gases emanating from smokestacks of large and intermediate size. It should require effective air-pollution control equipment on all such stacks.

8. The United States Government should seek to make control of air pollution and environmental hazards in general, a prime concern of the United Nations. All the world's large cities now suffer from filth and poisons in the air. The fight to control environmental dangers cannot be confined to a single nation anymore than it can be confined to a single city within a nation. The human race may not be tied together politically or culturally, but the one thing all the world's people have in common is a finite amount of land, an air envelope that is rapidly filling up with dirt and poison gases, and an uneven water supply that is largely unprotected against infection by sewage and noxious wastes.

Our industrial civilization has been developed by human intelligence. The same intelligence now has the obligation to make this world safe and fit for man.

Senator MUSKIE. Thank you very much, Mr. Cousins, for your excellent statement, and especially for the eight suggestions contained in the last three or four pages.

We will ask the Public Health Service to comment on these suggestions when they testify next week, so that we can get the benefit of their thinking.

I think your suggestions are obviously thoughtful and constructive. I may say on the question of oxides of nitrogen, although it can never be regarded as a completely resolved question, we were assured at the time the legislation was being considered, before it was finally enacted, that the net result would not be an increase in the oxides of nitrogen. But again I repeat that this is not a question to be regarded as closed at any time. I think we do need to continue to consider it.

On the second suggestion which you made with respect to air pollution control devices on all vehicles, this, of course, raises the question of what to do about used cars.

Frankly, last year's bill was designed as an approach to the used car problem. The faster we could get the new cars under control, we would make a beginning on the used cars, because 50 percent of used cars are 5 years old. If we can get the new car problem started, in 5 years we should have half of the used cars under control, assuming that the control that is applied is effective.

In our hearings in California, California was very pessimistic about being able to develop devices that could be tailored to the great variations in used car conditions. We have not yet been given much of an answer on the technological part in dealing with that problem. It may be that by the time we get a technological answer, the used cars will have been equipped with the new car control.

But these are all excellent suggestions, and we will pursue them. May I say in addition that I think we will receive for the files the summary report of the Mayor's Task Force on Air Pollution. I think it has particular pertinence as a blueprint of action of our largest metropolitan areas to the problem, except the meteorological conditions may make it the worst in the country.

One question the staff, which has had an opportunity to look at your report more closely than I, asked me to raise is the recommendations found on page 18 and again on page 35 of that report.

Mr. COUSINS. Is this the full report?

Senator MUSKIE. The recommendation is that the individual regulate the use of electricity by decreasing consumption. It would seem to be that if individuals used less electricity, Con Ed would use fewer generators.

If this is the intent, is this a realistic possibility?

Mr. COUSINS. You will recall, Mr. Chairman, that this section of the report was directed to a possibility of an acute episode under which it would be necessary to proceed on a number of fronts for the purpose of cutting down on pollutants in the air.

This is only an emergency procedure. Under emergency conditions, people should stay out of cars; they should also cut down on electricity, in order to relieve the load on the power-generating stations. This is not a general rule for ordinary circumstances.

With respect to the earlier point you made, Mr. Chairman, about used cars, the device that we are now testing in New York City is inexpensive and easily adaptable to all cars, new or old, and can be very quickly installed.

It was with this in mind that we suggested the possibility that old cars need not be exempt from the requirements. Any car is an interstate carrier.

Senator MUSKIE. We will follow the developments with respect to that closely.

Any information you can give us at any time that might suggest that legislation ought to be triggered, we will be happy to receive. Senator Boggs.

Senator BOGGS. Mr. Chairman, I certainly want to congratulate Mr. Cousins on a very constructive presentation this morning.

I certainly wish you well in all that you are doing. I especially want to commend you for recognizing and pointing out that the city must clean up its own house.

I feel that way about Federal Government installations, too, and the committee feels that way. And one of the best educational programs, I would think, as far as industry and the private sector is concerned is to see the city cleaning up its own house.

I congratulate you on that.

Mr. Cousins, you mentioned that you thought it would be desirable if we could spell out more specifically our objectives, our goals in the clean air effort, so that we know what we are shooting at.

I agree with that concept. So far as I am concerned, our problem has been lack of research to know how far and how specific we can set it out. I think the studies you have undertaken in this report will make a great contribution toward this objective. As we go along, we will gain more information on this.

I was just commenting on that. I was not asking you a question. The other point you made I was very impressed with. I was impressed with your whole report, but when you mentioned the combined effects of pollutants, rather than just pick out one pollutant and try to measure its effects, we don't get the whole picture. I think that is a very significant contribution and one which our research should be directed to.

I hope we can step up research in this field, because of the urgency of the matter, and if we are going to win the race at all, we have got

to.

I would like to ask you this question. When you refer to air pollutant control equipment, like on stacks and the other things, as a result of your studies, do you find that industry in making this equipment and the approach to this equipment is moving forward with a sense of urgency about it, too?

Mr. COUSINS. Senator, there is now the technological know-how to tame chimneys of almost any size, and to tame them effectively.

The big problem is to produce this equipment in sufficient quantity to bring it down within the reach of all those who ought to be using it. We believe that this can be done, as I said a moment ago, if you have a combination of tax incentive on one side, and rigorous enforcement on the other.

In fact, I don't think there is going to be a spectacular breakthrough in air pollution until you have incentives for a major new industry in the United States. The knowledge is here for that.

If I may, Senator, I would like to thank you for your comments. I was especially interested in what you had to say about air quality standards, because this conceivably might be the answer to the question that is often asked; at what point does the Federal Government step in, at what point does the State take over, at what point does the city operate?

It seems to me that if the Federal Government sets certain air quality standards, and then leaves it to the other agencies, States, and cities, to meet these standards, it stays out of the picture up to and including that point. But the moment the intensity of pollutants in the air reach a certain point, there you have a critical limit, and that is the point that the Federal Government should step in.

That is why it is so important to ask ourselves what do we mean by good air? At what point does air become dangerous? At what point does the Federal Government step in?

Senator BOGGS. That is a good point. I agree with you.

Thank you.

Senator MUSKIE. I would like to ask just one or two questions about the electrostatic precipitator control on automobiles. The city of New York is testing this at this time?

Mr. COUSINS. Yes, sir.

Senator MUSKIE. Was it produced by the city of New York?

Mr. COUSINS. No, sir; this was produced by an engineering firm in New York, the Gourdine Systems.

We have worked very closely with Gourdine, I think one of the most interesting Americans I have met. He is a former Olympic track star, they call him "Flash" Gourdine, an inventor, a distinguished American who has made a fine contribution to this whole effort, not only with respect to automobiles, but also with respect to combustion in general. Senator MUSKIE. Does New York City have a laboratory established for this kind of testing?

Mr. COUSINS. We are testing them directly on cars.

Senator MUSKIE. Is there any indication as to what the cost will be? Mr. COUSINS. Yes. The device can be produced at from $30 to $50, depending on the quantity, for passenger cars or taxicabs. They now calculate it will cost more for larger buses.

I should point out that this device knocks out the particulate matter, and is not as effective as we should like the device to be against gases, but through the adsorption process some of the poisons cling to the particulate matter, and to the extent you can knock them out.

We do not see this as a final device. We see it as one of the devices that may be helpful.

Senator MUSKIE. Now, you are using it on city cars, are you?
Mr. COUSINS. Taxicabs, right now.

Senator MUSKIE. How do you measure the results of these devices? Mr. COUSINS. First, we are taking the oldest, smelliest cars or taxicabs that we can find.

Senator MUSKIE. Those are the ones I usually ride in.

Mr. COUSINS. The particulate matter is collected in a little cup inserted in the exhaust, and this will give us a pretty good idea of what it is we have knocked out.

Senator MUSKIE. How often does the device have to be serviced to remove the accumulated particulate matter?

Mr. COUSINS. The average car I believe runs about 12,000 miles a year. Therefore, we believe that the device would be cleaned 6 weeks or every 2 months.

Senator MUSKIE. As soon as you have accumulated meaningful data, we would appreciate getting them. If you could provide us some before the record of the hearings is closed, we would include it as part of the record.

Mr. COUSINS. Every New Yorker is an expert on pollution. Everyone who has encountered the back side of a bus knows as much as there is to know about pollution. We believe if you could do something about the rear end of these buses, that is to say, knock out all the smoke. we may not knock out all the poisons, but we will come out with a net gain.

Senator MUSKIE. I agree.

Thank you very much.

Mr. COUSINS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator MUSKIE. I will order the staff to lay in the record a number of statements and communications that have been received. (The material referred to follows:)

STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN PAPER INSTITUTE

This statement is being submitted by the American Paper Institute to your Subcommittee in reply to questions from the Subcommittee about industry research on air pollution problems, in the hope that it will be helpful.

The American Paper Institute, the organization representing the pulp, paper, and paperboard industry in the United States, shares the national interest in clean air. The paper industry's concern with this problem is demonstrated by the fact that the National Council for Stream Improvement, a non-profit research organization, established and exclusively supported by the pulp and paper industry since 1943, expanded its program and research in 1954 to deal with the problem of air pollution.

1

The enclosed Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin (see attachment 1) titled "Status of Present Investigations and Future Research Needs in Atmospheric Pollution Control" published by the National Council in June of 1966, summarizes the present activities of the Council in the field of air pollution and contains recommendations for future research.

Enclosed also is an Index to Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletins (see attachment 2) which have been issued by the National Council for Stream Improvement to date.

(1) SULFUR EMISSIONS FROM FUEL BURNING

The pulp and paper industry is not greatly involved with sulfur emissions from fossil fuel burning, since most papermill fuel burning installations are relatively small and most pulp mills either derive most of their steam from the recovery plant, or from log fuel or bark boilers, whose SO2 emission level is low, or burn natural gas. Sulfur emission from high sulfur fossile fuel burning is mainly a problem for utilities burning vast quantities of high sulfur content coal or fuel oil daily.

1 The attachments referred to appear in the Appendix to this record.

(2) MERCAPTANS AND ODOROUS EMISSIONS

The National Council for Stream Improvement, at Washington State University, studied methods for continuous measurement of methyl mercaptan and other odoriferous compounds present in kraft pulp mill stacks. A method developed as a result of this research is now in the final stages of refinement in a permanent installation. It will be useful in controlling mercaptan discharge.

At the same institution, chlorine oxidation of methyl mercaptan was also studied and the conditions controlling its effectiveness established. A number of installations of chlorine oxidation are now in operation at bleached graft mills. The Council is studying other methods of sulfur compound oxidation at its Louisiana State University Research Center, including mill scale trials using molecular oxygen. Removal of such compounds by scrubbing mill off-gases is being investigated by the Council at Oregon State University in cooperation with a number of West Coast mills.

An international research conference dealing with air pollution from kraft mills, and sponsored by the University of Florida, the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Council for Stream Improvement was held this Spring at Sanibel Island, Florida. At this meeting research programs of these organizations, as well as a number of others in both this country and Europe were discussed. It was revealed that the USPHS is spending at the rate of $140,000 annually on air pollution research associated with kraft pulping. It was also learned that air pollution control measures at kraft mills are more highly developed and more generally applied in this country than in any other, but that substantially more development and application is needed. A list of the USPHS projects is attached, together with a summary of the Sanibel Island conference. (See attachments 3 and 4.)

Your Subcommittee in its deliberations has recognized the hard core of the air pollution problem-that is, the necessity of obtaining additional money for research in this area. The paper industry has been spending sizeable amounts of both time and money on this problem for over a decade. In addition to the research carried out by the National Council, a number of individual companies have devoted considerable time and expense to research and development into the difficult and elusive problems of air pollution abatement. The size of this year's budget of the National Council, as well as the expenditures of many of our companies in the Industry, are further evidence of the continuing activities in this area.

The state of the art of air pollution ordor abatement technology is at best in its formative stages. One very obvious indication of the need for more money in this area is the lack of college programs for trained technicians. The Federal Government is conducting research in air pollution abatement; universities are moving into this research area; and industries are spending more of both time and money on the problem. Because of dire need for immediate action and because of the lack of both trained men and specific knowledge, a pooling of scientific experiments, men, knowledge, and money, using universities as the catalyst, might well afford a superior and less costly solution to many of the research needs.

The American Paper Institute applauds this Subcommittee's efforts to examine all phases of the air pollution problem and we pledge to join with them-as one industry-in our national commitment to clean air.

Hon. EDMUND S. MUSKIE,

ROBERT E. O'CONNOR,

President.

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION,
Washington, D.C., June 3, 1966.

Chairman, Special Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, Senate Committee on Public Works, New Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Thank you for the invitation and opportunity to comment briefly upon S. 3112, relating to the Clean Air Act, and S. 3400, relating to junked automobiles.

Due to conflicts, it will be impossible for the National Wildlife Federation to be represented personally in the forthcoming hearings on these bills and we would appreciate it if this letter could be made a part of the record of the proceedings. By way of identification, the National Wildlife Federation is a private organization with headquarters here in Washington, D.C. The Federation seeks to attain