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and engaged principally in research in cloud physics including studies of weather modification.

In the period 1954 to 1957 I served as a consultant to the President's Advisory Committee on Weather Control and in the period 1960 to 1963 I served on the National Science Foundation Advisory Panel for Weather Modification.

My duties as State engineer have made it impossible for me to keep up with the literature in the field of cloud physics to the extent that I would like, and it certainly is not my intention to try to qualify myself as an expert in weather modification for the purposes of this hearing. I present this statement in support of S. 2875 principally because of my interest, as State engineer, in the enhancement of the water resources of New Mexico.

Experiments have shown that virtually any cloud, with the possible exception of those composed entirely of small ice crystals, can be caused to precipitate by the application of one or more of the known cloudseeding techniques. But the practicability of these techniques has been the subject of controversy among competent scientists for 20 years. The recent report of the National Academy of Sciences entitled "Weather and Climate Modification Problems and Prospects" gives important new indications that cloud seeding can produce economically significant increases in the amount of precipitation reaching the ground.

While the development of our ability to modify the weather in a practical way has not met the hopes many of us held in 1946,I feel that the potentialities for achieving this ability and the benefits that would result justify a greatly expanded research effort.

It would seem appropriate and consistent with the terms and objectives of S. 2875 to give first priority in the program to research, both basic and applied, rather than to early field operations directed toward increasing precipitation. This emphasis would be consistent with the thrust of the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences report.

The important new evidence for precipitation increases of 10 to 20 percent by cloud seeding is largely statistical and does not permit clear definition of the meteorological situations susceptible to treatment and the techniques best suited to these situations. Because of this lack of definition we still must face the possibility that efforts to increase precipitation may actually result in a net decrease in any one attempt or in a series of attempts.

Field trials of cloud seeding seem to me essential to the objectives of S. 2875 and such trials could result in useful augmentation of our water supply. I am appalled by the thought that field trials could escalate our western water controversies to the cloud tops at 60,000 feet, but even this risk seems justified by the potential benefits if reasonable caution is used.

It is my view that, at least in the early stages of the program under S. 2875, field trials should have as their primary objective increases in information rather than increases in precipitation. Such trials should be carefully designed and completely instrumented for direct observation of both large-scale and small-scale responses to seeding as well as for the collection of data for statistical analysis. No extensive field trial should be undertaken without prior and continuing

careful review of the potentialities for decreasing or adversely relistributing precipitation.

In this connection, I invite attention to a paper published in 1962 by Dr. E. J. Workman entitled "The Problem of Weather Modificaion." This paper suggests that generalized seeding of immature, umulus clouds may result in a stabilization of the atmosphere that would prevent the development of mature clouds capable of producing arge amounts of precipitation. Also, the recent report of the Naional Academy of Sciences cites evidence of "rain shadows" downvind from the target areas of seeding operations.

Section 202 of the bill would require those engaged in weather modification activities to be licensed by the Secretary of the Interior. In this connection, it is of interest to note that the 1965 session of the New Mexico Legislature enacted a statute creating a weather control and cloud modification commission. This statute requires those engaged in weather modification in New Mexico to be licensed by the commission and to report to the commission on their operations. An mportant objective of the legislature was to provide information about activities that might interfere with, or introduce ambiguities n scientific research. Controls such as would be instituted by section 202 seem essential to permit the Federal programs that would be authorized to proceed without interference or uncertainty. Also, hese reports on commercial operations that may be required under ection 202 could produce information of great scientific value.

In my work as State engineer I have had occasion to work closely with the Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior, and I have great respect for the technical and administrative compeence of that agency. I am not thoroughly familiar with the work hat the Bureau is currently doing in weather modification, but I am onfident that the Secretary of the Interior, through the Bureau of Reclamation, could do a commendable job in administering the proram that would be authorized by S. 2875.

It is my hope that New Mexico institutions will make important ontributions to the objectives of the legislation. The New Mexico nstitute of Mining and Technology has been engaged in studies of loud physics and weather modifications for 20 years or more and the group there has an international reputation in the field. As we have eard this morning, representatives of the newly created water reources research institute at New Mexico State University have reently expressed to me interest in undertaking research in weather modification. They told me earlier they are interested in doing work n this field. The University of New Mexico has outstanding capaility for research in engineering and the other physical sciences inluding meteorology and may be able to undertake work in the proram that will be authorized by S. 2875.

In conclusion, I respectfully urge the committee's favorable action n S. 2875. The opportunity to present this statement is warmly ppreciated. I want to express my appreciation to the subcommittee or holding a meeting in New Mexico. Thank you.

Senator ANDERSON. Thank you. On page 3 you refer to the 10- to 0-percent increase in precipitation caused by cloud seeding-in the econd paragraph.

Mr. REYNOLDS. Yes, sir.

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Senator ANDERSON. What would happen if you did this and this want up by 20 percent? Would you have any problems?

Mr. REYNOLDS. This would be a great blessing, Senator. Of course, whether or not there would be problems created depends on how rapidly we would receive this, and just when these increases would

occur.

Senator ANDERSON. And who would get the benefit of the increases? Mr. REYNOLDS. I think both New Mexico and Texas would receive benefits.

Senator ANDERSON. We might pay back some of our debt.

Mr. REYNOLDS. It might help a great deal in that respect. I might point out, Senator, that a 10-percent increase in the Colorado River Basin increases the runoff by the same amount and you might actually get a little more than a 10-percent runoff from the 10-percent increase in precipitation which gives just about enough to give the upper basin the amount that the Colorado River compact allocated to us.

Senator ANDERSON. I would rejoice to see that happen. Thank you, Mr. Reynolds. We are glad to have you here. You have had a long interest in this particular subject.

Senator Bible.

Senator BIBLE. There is one question that I would ask of Mr. Reynolds. I have worked closely with him for many, many years. I would ask whether you have had any experience with the 1965 New Mexico statute creating the Weather Control and Cloud Modification Commission? It was just enacted last year, I understand.

Mr. REYNOLDS. Yes.

Senator BIBLE. Have you had any experience in putting this into effect?

Mr. REYNOLDS. I can't answer the question reliably, Senator. To the best of my knowledge and belief, nobody, as yet, has been licensed under the act and I doubt whether anyone has furnished any reports on it. Some of the folks from the Institute might be able to answer your question, since the board of regents at the School of Mines is in general charge of the administration of that.

Senator BIBLE. I see, and I think it would be helpful, Mr. Chairman, if Mr. Reynolds would furnish for the record a copy of this particular statute. It might have some language that would be helpful. If you would forward this to help.

Mr. REYNOLDS. I would be pleased to do that, Senator.

Senator BIBLE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Reynolds.

(The information requested follows:)

CHAPTER 235, HOUSE BILL No. 128; APPROVED MARCH 29, 1965

An act relating to weather control and cloud modification, and providing a penalty

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of New Mexico: Section 1. SHORT TITLE.-This act may be cited as the "Weather Control Act". Section 2. DEFINITIONS.-As used in the Weather Control Act "commission" means the weather control and cloud modification commission.

Section 3. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.-It is declared that the state of New Mexico claims the right to all moisture in the atmosphere which would fall so as to become a part of the natural streams or percolated water of New Mexico, | for use in accordance with it laws.

Section 4. LICENSE REQUIRED.-No person or corporation shall, without having first received a license from the commission, conduct any weather control or cloud modification operations or attempt to control precipitation.

Section 5. APPLICATION FOR LICENSE.-Any individual or corporation who proposes to operate weather control or cloud modification projects or who attempts to induce precipitation, shall, before engaging in any such operation, make application to the commission for a license to engage in the particular weather control or cloud modification operation contemplated.

Section 6. ANNUAL LICENSE FEE-STATEMENT.-At the time of applying for the license, the applicant shall pay to the commission a fee of one hundred dollars ($100), and shall file an application in the form prescribed by the commission which shall be accompanied by a statement showing:

A. the name and address of the applicant ;

B. the names of the operating personnel, and, if unincorporated, all individuals connected with the organization, or, if a corporation, the names of each of the officers and directors thereof, together with the address of each;

C. the scientific qualifications of all operating and supervising personnel; D. a statement of all other contracts completed or in process of completion at the time the application is made, giving the names and addresses of the persons to whom the services were furnished and the areas in which such operations have been or are being conducted;

E. the objective of the operation, methods of operation the licensee will use, and the description of the aircraft, ground and meteorological services to be used;

F. names of the contracting parties within the state; including:

(1) the area to be served;

(2) the months in which operations will be conducted;

(3) the methods to be used in evaluating the operation; and G. any other information the commission deems necessary. Section 7. ISSUANCE OF LICENSE.-The commission may issue a license to any applicant who demonstrates sufficient financial responsibility, to the satisfaction of the board, necessary to meet obligations reasonably likely to be attached to or result from weather control or cloud modification activities, and skill and experience reasonably necessary to accomplishment of weather control without actionable injury to property or person.

Section 8. LICENSE FEE-EXPIRATION.-A license shall expire at the end of the calendar year in which it is issued and may be renewed upon payment of the annual license fee.

Section 9. REPORTS REQUIRED FROM LICENSEES.-Each licensee shall, within ninety days after conclusion of any weather control or cloud modification project, file with the commission a final evaluation of the project. Each three months during the operation of any project which has not been completed, each licensee shall file a report evaluating the operations for the preceding three months in the project. Failure to file such reports constitute grounds for immediate revocation of the license. Each evaluation report shall contain such information as required by the commission in order to aid in research and development in weather modification and to aid in the protection of life and property.

Section 10. REVOCATION OF LICENSE.-The commission shall revoke any license if it shall appear that the licensee no longer possesses the qualifications necessary for the issuance of a new license, or is guilty of a violation of any of the provisions of the Weather Control Act. Such revocation shall occur only after notice to the licensee, and a reasonable opportunity has been granted the licensee to be heard respecting the grounds of the proposed revocation.

Section 11. JUDICIAL REVIEW.-Rulings by the commission on the issuance, refusal or revocation of a license are subject to review only in the district court for Santa Fe county and the state supreme court.

Section 12. OPERATIONS AFFECTING WEATHER IN OTHER STATES.-Weather control or cloud modification operations may not be carried on in New Mexico for the purpose of affecting weather in any other state which prohibits such operations, or which prohibits operations in that state for the benefit of New Mexico or its inhabitants.

Section 13. ENFORCEMENT.-Enforcement of the Weather Control Act is vested in the board of regents of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. The board of regents shall appoint a three member weather control and cloud modification commission for the purpose of administering the provisions of the

Weather Control Act. Technical assistance, research, evaluation, and advice to the commission shall be furnished by the institute at the direction of the board of regents. The commission shall elect from among its members a chairman and other officers it deems necessary. All fees collected by the commission shall be placed in a fund to be used by the commission for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of the Weather Control Act.

Section 14. PowerS AND DUTIES OF COMMISSION.-The commission may:

A. make all rules and regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of the Weather Control Act;

B. make any field investigations and inspections necessary to the enforcement of the Weather Control Act;

C. make periodic reports on weather control and cloud modification activities in this state together with evaluations of the results of such activities; and

D. make recommendations to the legislature through the board of regents on needed legislation in the regard to weather control and cloud modification. Section 15. PENALTY.-Any person conducting weather control or cloud modification operations without first having procured a license, or who makes a false statement in the application for a license, or who fails to file any report or evaluation required by the Weather Control Act, or who conducts any weather control or cloud modification operation after revocation of his license, or who violates any provision of the Weather Control Act is guilty of a misdemeanor. Senator ANDERSON. Some witnesses from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology are here now. Professor Moore and Professor Brook, would you come forward, please. I appreciate very much your being here and hearing from you.

STATEMENT OF PROF. CHARLES MOORE AND PROF. MARKS BROOK, NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY

Mr. MOORE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and Senator Bible. We are pleased to have the opportunity to be here. We are extremely interested in the purposes of this Senate bill. We also have some concern about it. I would like to present a statement. I have with me Prof. Marks Brook. My name is Charles Moore.

As scientists at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, we are actively engaged in atmospheric research aimed at understanding natural rainmaking processes. Our activities bear directly on weather modification, and several of our present projects are certainly in that category. It is thus as both active, though perhaps limited, practitioners of weather modification and as atmospheric scientists that we hold the enthusiastic hope that man will, in the future, succeed in understanding and controlling much of his atmospheric environment.

As citizens, we are also vitally aware of the great benefits that successful rainmaking techniques would have for all of us, particularly those of us in the semiarid Southwest.

For a number of years we have been studying clouds that form over the mountains of New Mexico in the summer, examining their de velopment, the first formation of rain, and the intensity of precipitation that falls from them. During the decade of the fifties on a number of occasions we seeded some of these clouds with dry ice and with silver iodide smoke. Spectacular effects were sometimes observed when these ice-forming substances were introduced into the clouds growing over us: Updraft velocities increased, anomalous low-level cirrus clouds formed, and radar echoes appeared in the cloud earlier than usual. No readily apparent increases in the rainfall from these

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