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ring, rearview mirror mounting hardware, trim hardware, etc., in the operator's field of view shall not exceed 40 units maximum, measured by the 20-degree method of ASTM D 523, or equivalent.

"83.7 Instruments, control devices, etc., shall be so located so as to present a minimal reflection into the windshield in the operator's field of view under daylight and night driving conditions.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/148] "CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

"S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for the control of emissions from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines which are likely to cause or contribute to air pollution.

"S2. This standard applies to sedans, carryalls, station wagons, and light trucks up to and including 2-ton pickup or equivalent equipped with engines of 50 cubic inch displacement or over.

"83. Standard characteristics. The proposed regulations of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines, published in the FEDERAL REGISTER on December 31, 1965 (30 FR. 17192), form the basis for this standard.

"S3.1 All automotive vehicles and engines covered by this standard shall be equipped with integral or ancillary control systems to provide control of emissions in accordance with the requirements set forth in the regulations cited in S3.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/17a]
"REARVIEW MIRROR (S) FOR AUTOMOTIVE
VEHICLE

"81. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for rearview mirror(s) for automotive vehicles to provide reasonably unobstructed driver vision to the rear.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans, buses, carryalls, station wagons, and to light trucks up to 10,000 pounds G.V.W. Vehicles with bodies designed without rear windows and vehicles that require more than one outside mirror and truck-type vehicles with small rear windows are excepted from the requirement for an inside rearview mirror.

"S3. Requirements. The rearview mirrors shall provide the driver with a clear, undistorted view of unit magnification under day and night operating conditions.

"83.1 Inside rearview mirrors.

"83.1.1 Size. The rearview mirror shall have a horizontal dimension which will provide the driver a view to the rear of the vehicle with a horizontal angle of no less than 20 degrees. The vertical angle shall be at least sufficient to provide a view of the road surface from a point not greater than 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle, to the horizon under conditions of a level road and with the vehicle occupied by the driver and four passengers in the case of sedans, carryalls, and station wagons or loaded to gross vehicle weight in the case of buses and light trucks where inside mirrors may be applicable.

"S3.1.2 Location. The rearview mirror shall be designed and constructed to be mounted on the inside of the vehicle in such a manner as to provide the driver with a stable, readily distinguishable image under normal road conditions. The mirror shall be located as far forward along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as the windshield, mount, and adjusting device will permit (buses excepted). The mirror and its supporting brackets shall be located above the forward horizontal line of sight, if possible, of a manikin which measures 33 inches from the 'H' point to the top of the head and occupying the driver's seat set in the mid position, with due regard being given to the requirements of the vertical field of view to the rear (see 83.1.1). Extra large bus mirrors designed to serve an additional purpose of passenger surveillance shall be located with due consideration of the preceding requirements.

"83.1.3 Mounting. The mirror shall be mounted in the vehicle by means of a suitable supporting assembly of suficient strength to provide a stable support for the mirror and shall be of a design which will minimize injury potential to occupants. The mount, if in the impact area shall be designed to break away or collapse upon the application of a force in excess of 90 pounds, in the direction applied by the head of a belted occupant. The head impact area shall be established through the use of type 1 seat belt assembly restrained manikins or other test devices having 'H' point to topof-head dimensions of 33 inches and 29 inches. Adjustable seats shall be in the extreme forward position for the indicated 33 inch device and in the extreme rearward position for the indicated 29 inch device. The impact area shall be that included between the arcs formed by the top-of-head point when each device is swung forward and also 45 degrees to each side of the longitudinal axis through each normal seating position. Rigid mounts shall break in such a manner as to leave no protruding residuals. The rim of the mirror or its supporting bezel shall have an edge radius of not less than 0.125 inch. The mount shall provide for universal adjustment of the mirror to accommodate any size driver in any available seat position.

"83.2 Outside mirrors.

"S3.2.1 Size. The outside mirror reflecting surface shall have a minimum nominal diameter of 5 inches if of circular design. Rectangular mirrors shall have a minimum nominal horizontal dimension of 5 inches and a vertical dimension sumcient to provide the driver a view of the road surface from a distance of not more than 85 feet to the rear from the eye of the driver of the vehicle and to the horizon on a level road under normal load conditions. The 35 feet shall be measured from the position of the eye of the driver to the reflecting surface, then to the roadway to the rear of the vehicle.

"S3.2.2 Mounting. The outside rearview mirror shall be designed and constructed to be mounted on the left outside of the vehicle in such a manner as to provide the driver

with a stable, readily distinguishable image under normal road conditions and shall be so located as to require not more than 60 degrees combined head and eye movement with driver's seat in forward position. The outside mirror shall provide the operator, with seat in full forward position, a view of the side of the vehicle on which mounted. The mirror shall not be obscured by the unwiped portion of the windshield or by the corner pillar. The mirror shall be readily adjustable to accommodate different size drivers, seat positions, and load conditions. The mirror and mount shall be designed, constructed, located, and mounted so as to minimize pedestrian injury potential.

"S3.2.3 Additional outside rearview mirror. Station wagons, carryalls, buses, and trucks shall be provided with an additional outside rearview mirror to provide driver vision to the right rear areas adjacent to the vehicle obscured by vehicle design or load conditions. The visual characteristics of the right outside mirror shall conform to the requirements of the left outside mirror except that the restriction on combined head and eye movement may be relaxed to the extent dictated by vehicle design. Design, construction, location, and mounting of the right outside mirror shall be symmetrical to the left outside mirror except that where necessary, consideration may be given to location and mounting problems dictated by vehicle design.

"S3.2.4 Wide angle mirror. When specifiled, an auxiliary wide angle (convex) mirror may be incorporated in the same mount as the standard mirror to provide an additional close-in field of vision required under certain operating conditions. The auxiliary mirror shall be incorporated in such a manner as not to interfere with the visual field of the standard mirror.

"83.3 Mirror construction. The reflective medium shall be of a material which will resist abrasion and erosion incident to accepted cleaning practices. The surfaces of the material shall be so finished as to provide and maintain a distortion free reflected image. Front or second surface reflectance may be used. The reflectance value of the reflective film employed shall be not less than 50 percent. Inside mirrors may be of the selective position prismatic type, in which case the reflectance value in the night driving, high-glare position shall be not less than 4 percent.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/18] "WINDOW AND DOOR CONTROLS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

"S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes the requirements for the location and construction of the controls for windows

and doors.

“S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans, carryalls, station wagons, and light trucks up to 10,000 pounds G.V.W.

"S3. Requirements. Injury potential shall be minimized by constructing, locating or mounting of the controls in such a manner as to reduce the likelihood of injury to the head, torso and legs of lap belted occupants

The

of rear and front seats. The occupant protection area shall be established through the use of type 1 seat belt assembly restrained manikins or other test devices based upon the equivalent to 'H' point to top-of-head dimensions of 33 inches and 29 inches. occupant protection area shall be that included between the arcs formed by the topof-head point and torso when each device is swung forward and also 90 degrees to each side of the longitudinal axis through each normal seating position and the forward movement of the knees and legs of outside occupants.

"83.1 The controls shall be located within reach of the seat belted occupant nearest the door. Controls located away from or shielded from the impact area or recessed within the panel or armrest in such a manner to reasonably minimize the likelihood of contact by lap belted occupants shall be considered to provide an acceptable degree of protection.

"S3.2 Door handle controls not meeting 63.1 shall be constructed so that they have a contact area of not less than 2 square inches substantially vertical, with minimum radii of 0.125 inch. Window control knobs not meeting S3.1 shall have a minimum contact area of not less than 1 square inch, with minimum edges radii of 0.125 inch. All controls shall have a maximum extension from the panel of 1 inch.

"S3.3 Controls not meeting 89.1 or 83.2 shall be constructed of material which will deflect within 0.375 inch of the panel or detach by a force of 90 pounds leaving no residual protrusions beyond the panel surface on which mounted.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/19] "ASH TRAYS AND LIGHTERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

"S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes the location and construction of ash trays and lighters when installed in automotive vehicles to afford a reasonable degree of protection for front and rear seated Occupants wearing type 1 seat belt assemblies.

"82. Application. This standard applies 14228 to sedans, carryalls, and station wagons.

"S3. Requirements. Injury potential shall be minimized by locating, constructing, or mounting ash trays and lighters in such a

manner as to minimize the likelihood of injury to an occupant's head, torso, or leg upon impact. The impact area for both front and rear seats shall be established through the use of type 1 seat belt assembly restrained manikins or other test devices having the equivalent to 'H' point to top-ofhead dimensions of 33 inches and 29 inches. The impact area shall be that included between the arcs formed by the top-of-head point and torso when each device is swung forward and also 90 degrees to each side of the longitudinal axis through each normal seating position and the forward movement of the knees and legs of outside occupants. This area to be determined with front seat in all normal positions.

"S3.1 Ash trays and lighters located away from or shielded from the impact area or

recessed within the panel or armrest in such a manner to minimize the likelihood of contact of the head, torso or leg of lap belted occupants shall be considered to provide a reasonable degree of protection.

"S3.2 Ash trays not meeting S3.1 shall have a contact area of not less than 2.0 square inches with a minimum edge radius of 0.125 inch. Lighters not meeting S3.1 shall have a contact area of not less than 1.0 square inch with a minimum edge radius of 0.125 inch and maximum extension from the panel of not more than 1 inch.

"S3.3 Ash trays and lighters not meeting 83.1 or $3.2 may be constructed of material which will either deflect flush within not more than 0.375 inch of the panel or be pushed flush with the surface or detach from its mounting by the application of a force not to exceed 60 pounds.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/20]

• ARMRESTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES "S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for armrests when installed in automotive vehicles to afford a reasonable degree of protection for front and rear seated occupants wearing type 1 seat belt assemblies.

"82. Application. This standard applies to sedans, carryalls, station wagons, and light trucks up to 10,000 pounds G.V.W.

"S3. Requirements. Injury potential shall be minimized by constructing and mounting the arm rests in such a manner as to minimize or spread the area of contact of the body with any rigid elements of the arm rests. Occupant protection area for both lateral and longitudinal impact shall be determined by the use of a type 1 lap belt restrained three dimensional 95th percentile male manikin or other equivalent test device for both rear and front seats with the front seat in all normal positions.

"S3.1 The inside exposed surface of the arm rests shall be substantially vertical. In any normal position of the seat, the substantially vertical surface of the arm rest shall provide an area of broad contact with the pelvic region of not less than 2.0 inches vertically. The top and sides of the arm rests shall be covered with energy absorbing material, if not constructed of such materials. The arm rests shall not have any sharp, narrow, or protruding rigid edges in the contact area exposed or under the energy absorbing material. The top and sides of the mounting bracket shall not have any rigid edges of less than 0.750 inch radius.

"S3.2 Arm rests not meeting 83.1 shall be constructed of flexible material which will deflect toward the panel and provide a resultant contact area of the pelvic region of no less than that specified in the preceding. "S3.3 Accessories or equipment attached to the arm rests shall meet the safety requirements applicable to such equipment or accessories and shall not nullify the injury reducing intent of any of the preceding.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/21] "PADDING FOR AUTOMOTIVE SEAT BACKS "S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for seat back frames

to be so constructed as to absorb and dissipate energy imparted to top and back by the upper torso, limbs, and head of forward facing passengers restrained by type 1 seat belts seated in rear thereof in the event of collision.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans, school buses, carryalls, station wagons, and to light trucks up to 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight with provisions for forward facing passenger seating within the cab in rear of the front seat. The guardrail behind the driver's seat in school buses shall be considered as a seat back frame for the purpose of this standard.

"S3. Requirements.

"S3.1 The top and back of the front seats in sedans, the top of the back of forward facing seats, except the rear-most seat, in carryalls and station wagons, the top and backs of all forward facing seats in school buses, except the driver's seat and the rear-most seats, and the guardrail behind the driver's seat in school buses, shall be so constructed and padded with slow return impact absorbing material as to limit the force buildup on that portion of the human body coming in contact therewith, to a maximum of 80 gs in 60 milliseconds at an impact velocity rate of 22 feet per second, excluding the first 3 milliseconds of the time curve.

These

"S3.2 The specific areas to be padded shall be determined by the use of type 1 seat belt assembly restrained manikins or other test devices having 'H' point to top-of-head dimensions of 33 inches and 29 inches. manikins shall be swung through a vertical arc simulating the lap-belted occupant in each seating position, with the front seat in the rear-most position. They shall also be swung through a 45 degree angle to each side of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. The arc plane so described shall establish the seat top and back areas under consideration in this standard. The headrest shall be considered if applicable. Seat spacing in school buses shall be established at 28 inches for test purposes.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/22] "HEADRESTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES "S.1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes the requirements for front seat headrests in passenger carrying vehicles to afford a reasonable degree of protection from neck injuries (whiplash) in the event of a rear-end collision.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans and station wagons. (Outside seat

ing positions of front seats.)

"S3. Standard characteristics. The Society of Automobile Engineers Inc., Manikins For Use in Defining Vehicle Seating Accommodadations, SAK J826, forms a basis in part for this Federal Standard.

"83.1 Definition.

"S3.1.1 Headrest. A well padded area provided for head support.

"S8.2 General. The headrest may be designed as an extension of the seat back or an attachment to the seat back. The headrest may or may not provide for transversely adjustable mounting. If a transversely ad

justable mounting is not provided, the width metric candlepower shall be in accordance specifications in S3.3.1 shall apply.

"S3.8 Requirements.

"83.3.1 The minimum width of the headrest shall be 10 inches and the average width shall be at least 12 inches, both based on the forward facing surface that can be contacted by the head of the occupant. The top of the headrest shall be at least 25 inches above the 'H' point of the three dimensional manikin (SAE J826).

"S3.3.2 The headrest, including any supporting structure that can be contacted by the head of an occupant of the vehicle, shall be constructed of or covered with a material of impact-absorbing qualities on all outer

surfaces.

"S3.3.3 Structural deflection of the headrest resulting from contact in rear-end collisions is allowable, except that rebound action shall be minimized. The headrest and its supporting structure shall have sufficient strength to withstand a force no less than 200 pounds in either fore or aft direction without structural failure, although a limited amount of permanent distortion is permissible.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/23]

"SIDE MARKER DEVICES FOR AUTOMOTIVE
VEHICLES

"S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for side marker systems to assure notice and recognition of vehicles from laterial positions during darkness and inclement weather.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans, carryalls, and station wagons.

"S3. Requirements. The side marker systems shall consist of either an independent electrical system or an electrical system, in combination with or utilizing head and/or tail lamps, or a reflective system, or a combination of both electrical and reflective systems. The side marker device housings or mounting plates shall be antitrust material, or sufficiently plated or finish coated to be noncorrosive. As applicable, these requirements shall conform to the Uniform Vehicle Code, Chapter 12. The lateral included angles of visibility of the side markers shall be from the lateral angle toward the front of the vehicle when head lamps are no longer visible, to the lateral angle toward the rear of the vehicle when tail lamps become visible.

"S3.1 Electrical side marker devices. The electrical side marker system shall be securely mounted. The system lamps shall be a minimum of one at or near the front and one at or near the rear edges on each side of the vehicle. The mounting height shall be not less than 16 inches measured from the center of such lamp to the level ground upon which the vehicle stands without a load. The electrio side marker lamp colors shall be white to amber for the front and red for the rear and they shall be steady burning simultaneously with the head and tail lamps and parking lamps. The electric lamps shall be capable of being distinguished under normal atmospheric conditions and at the time lights are required to provide recognition at all distances between 500 and 50 feet from the lateral sides of the vehicle. Minimum photo

with table 1, SAE Standard J592.

"83.2 Reflective șide marker devices. The reflective side marker devices shall be securely mounted two on each side, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear edge of the fenders or body of the vehicle, as applicable. The reflective devices shall be mounted at a minimum height of 16 inches measured from the center of the device to the level ground upon which the vehicle stands without load. Reflective devices shall be of such size and have such characteristics as to be readily visible at night time from all distances and at the lateral angles specified within 600 feet to 100 feet from the vehicle when illuminated by the beams of head lamps of the observer's vehicle. Minimum candlepower reflectance measurement shall be in accordance with class A, SAR Standard J5940.

"88.2.1 Reflective device colors. The color of the reflective devices shall be white to amber for the front and red for the rear of the vehicle.

"83.3 Electrical and reflective side marker 14229 devices. The electrical and reflective type side marker device, when combined, shall conform to the preceding paragraphs.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/24]

"REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

"81. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for rear window defogging, designed to achieve the most practical vision through the rear window.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans.

"S3. Requirements. The rear window defogger system shall be permanently installed, to provide for the removal of fog from inside the rear window caused by atmospheric conditions and passenger loading conditions, in the vehicle. The system shall be of a capacity to clear a minimum area of 75 percent of the operators viewed area of the rear window as reflected in the rear view mirror.

"S3.1 Testing. The defogger system shall remove fogging under any atmospheric condition and with full passenger loading within a 10-minute period.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/25] "ROLL BARS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES "S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements and test procedures for roll bars installed on specific automotive vehicles to afford a reasonable degree of occupant protection in a rollover.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to light trucks up to 10,000 pounds G.V.W. of the utility type with open bodies, and those with enclosures made of canvas, metal, fiber glass, or plastic.

"S3. Requirements. The roll bar shall be designed for each manufacturer's product to establish the width, height, clearances, and proper strengths of the structural members required.

The roll bar shall be constructed

to guard the operator and passenger compartment, or compartments, within a rigidly attached structural bar unit assembly. The strength and size shall be as required for each

vehicle type and weight with the specified number of occupants for which the vehicle is designed to be used and for their maximum protection without critical deformation or critical encroachment on the operator or passenger compartments. To the extent practical, the roll bar structure shall be located to preclude contact by the heads of belted occupants. If this is not possible, the roll bars shall be covered with energy absorbing cushioning material. The roll bar structure designs shall not impair the vehicle operator's vision or body movements while operating the vehicle. Unless otherwise specified, vehicle manufacturers may eliminate a fold down windshield on the utility truck and incorporate a new designed fixed windshield strengthened to become part of a roll bar structure.

"S3.1 Testing. The testing requirements for the area of critical encroachment shall be measured from the 'H' point of a manikin with 'H' point to top-of-head dimension of 33 inches. Performance requires a manikin, seat belt restrained, for each passenger and operator position in the vehicle and with the vehicle tested to the SAE Recommended Practice of SAE J857. For the hill rollover test, specific speed of 50 miles per hour shall be used.

"[Federal Standard No. 515/26] "FUEL TANKS AND TANK FILLER PIPES FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

"S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for the integrity and security of fuel tanks and tank filler pipes for automotive vehicles.

"S2. Application. This standard applies to sedans, buses, station wagons, carryalls, and light trucks up to 10,000 pounds G.V.W. Excluded are utility vehicles of the threewheel type.

"83. Standard characteristics. The SAE Recommended Practice for Barrier Collision Tests, SAE J850 forms the basis for section 83.1 of this standard as modified in 83.1.1.

"83.1 Fuel tanks and tank filler pipes shall be constructed so that they will not rupture, be totally displaced from installed positions, or discharge fuel from the filler pipe, under any condition of tank capacity loading, when subjected to longitudinal and/or lateral acceleration/deceleration forces developed at their installed position, during the SAE J850 barrier collision test at 30 miles per hour.

"83.1.1 Other testing methods, such as high capacity acceleration facilities, giving equivalent results, may be utilized in lieu of the SAE J850 barrier collision test." [FR. Doc. 66-2473; Filed, Mar. 7, 1966; 9:36 am.]

Mr. MAGNUSON. I am sure that everyone here, if they do not already know, would be very interested to know what can be done to make a motor vehicle more safe. I presume that the Secretary will rely upon the experience of the Government in setting the interim standards.

On the permanent standards, which will apply to every automobile, we have

provided, I believe, a very sensible, fair, and adequate procedure among the manufacturers, the Governors of the States, the highway patrol, people involved in safety, and even appropriate legislative committees in the States that have difficulty in connection with safety standards in their States. There is ample provision for conferences, cooperation, before he arrives at a decision on a pertesting, and meetings with the Secretary manent standard over and above these 26 items that would be mandatory once the Secretary issues the standard. It would ordinarily take effect within 6 months to a year after the effective date of the decision.

I believe that all witnesses were unanimous in their agreement that the standard-setting procedures were adequate and fair to everyone concerned.

.....

The effect on State laws is quite important and is what makes a bill of this kind so difficult. Primarily, in the field of highway traffic safety, the States have important authority and should continue to exercise such authority. They determine the age of drivers, issuing drivers' licenses, inspections, speed laws, those regulations designed to reduce to a minimum the number of bad drivers on the highways.

I guess we will never get rid of bad drivers on the highways, but what we are trying to do here is to insure that, even if a bad or a drunken driver runs into someone who is a good driver, the vehicles themselves will afford some protection for both drivers, and reduce the deaths and the terrible injuries which are inflicted on Americans every day— even at the very moment than I am 14230 speaking.

The States have great responsibility in the field of highway traffic itself. There is no intention by the committee or by anyone associated with the bill, to say to the States that they should not continue to do more in this area.

Some States have more stringent laws than others, but concerning the car itself, we must have uniformity. That is why the bill suggests to States that if we set a minimum standard, a car complying with such standard should be admitted to all States. Otherwise, the manufacturers would have to make at least 30 different models to comply. The centralized, mass production and high volume character of the manufacturing industry requires that the safety standards be not only strong and adequately enforced but, as I say, also uniform. I would suspect that the States, if these provisions are going to be what I think

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