2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 Stone, H. W., and J. V. Ziemba, "Libby, McNeill Solves an Odor Chittenden, J. A., L. E. Orsi, J. L. Witherow, and W. J. Wells, Jr., "Control of Odors from an Anaerobic Lagoon Treating Meat Packing Wastes." In: Proceedings 8th National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes, EPA-600/2-77-184, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1977, pp. 38-61. Willoughby, E., and J. Curnick, "Controls Odors at Low Cost," Don't Boscak, V., N. Ostojic, and D. Gruenwald, "Odor Problems? Engelbrecht, R. S., A. F. Gaudy, Jr., and J. M. Cederstrand, Turk, A., "Industrial Odor Control and Its Problems," Chem. Eng. 76 (24): 70-78 (November 3, 1969). Byrd, J. F., and A. H. Phelps, Jr., "Odor and Its Measurement, Turk, A., "Industrial Odor Control," Chem. Eng. 77 (9): 199-206 Benforado, D. M., W. J. Rotella, and D. L. Horton, "Development Yocom, J. E., and R. A. Duffee, "Controlling Industrial Odors," 2-23 American Soc. for Testing and Materials, "ASTM Standard Method for Measurement of Odor in Atmospheres," D1391-57, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Penn. 2-24 Dravnieks, A., "Measuring Industrial Odors," Chem. Eng. 81 (22): 91-95 (October 21, 1974). 2-25 Fox, E. A., and V. E. Gex, "Procedure for Measuring Odor Concentration in Air and Gases," J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 7 (1): 60-61 (May 1957). 2-26 Mills, J. L., R. T. Walsh, K. D. Luedtke, and L. K. Smith, 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-30 2-31 2-32 2-33 Schuetzle, D., T. J. Prater, and S. R. Ruddell, "Sampling and Byrd, J. F., H. A. Mills, C. H. Schellhase, and H. E. Stokes, Turk, A., "Odor Source Inventories," Pollut. Eng. 4 (8): 22-24 (August 1972). Walther, J. E., and H. R. Amberg, "Odor Control in the Kraft Turk, A., R. C. Haring, and R. W. 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W., Jr., "Eliminates Fermentation Odor," Food Eng. 44 (9): 145 (September 1972). Bethea, R. M., B. N. Murthy, and D. F. Cary, "Odor Controls for Doty, D. M., R. H. Snow, and H. G. Reilich, "Investigation of Odor Control in the Rendering Industry," EPA-R2-72-088, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., October 1972, 152 pp. Osag, R. R., and G. B. Crane, "Control of Odors from Inedibles- Snow, R. H., J. E. Huff, and W. Boehme, "Odor Control by Scrubbing in the Rendering Industry," EPA-600/2-76-009, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. January 1976. Strauss, W., "The Development of a Condenser for Odor Control from Dry Rendering Plants," J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 14 (10): 424-426 (October 1964). Teller, A. J., "Odor Abatement in the Rendering and Allied In- 2-47 Weber, R. L., and W. S. Stinson, "Recently Developed Odor Control System Eliminates 99% of Odors, Saves $300,000 in Equipment Cost," Food Processing 38 (10): 40-41 (September 1977). 2-48 2-49 2-50 Partee, F., Air Pollution in the Coffee Roasting Industry Luh, B. S., and J. G. Woodroof, Commerical Vegetable Processing (Avi Publishing Co., Westport, Conn., 1975). Anon., "Controlling Processing Odors in Ketchup Operation," SECTION 4 SOLID WASTES AND RESIDUES RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM This discussion of solid wastes and residues is restricted to the materials that are predominantly organic in nature, such as food scraps, shells or hulls, and wastewater treatment sludges. The distinction between the terms "solid waste" and "residue" may be made precise by definition. Residues are defined here as solid by-products that have some positive value or represent no cost for disposal. These materials that represent a disposal cost are defined as solid wastes. These definitions, however, do not allow simple classification. For many types of materials, local market conditions are quite variable and the material may fall into both categories depending on the specific site, the season of the year or the state of the economy. Hereafter in this report we will use "solid wastes" for all such materials. Solid waste quantities in the food industry are quite significant. Food industry wastes range from 0.1 to 0.2 lb (0.045 to 0.09 kg)/capita/day and, as shown in Figure 1, represent one of the most significant sources (on a tonnage basis) of industrial solid wastes. The seasonal nature of many sectors of the food industries also compounds the problem. (By comparison, residential and commercial solid waste production averages about 3.5 lb(1.59 kg)/capita/day and industrial sources average about 3.0 lb (1.36 kg)/capita/day.) Table 8 shows two separate estimates of solid waste quantities in the total United States for manufacturing industries--one by Combustion Engineering (the same source as Figure 1) and the other by the California Department of Public Health. Both estimates indicate that solid wastes from food industries represent a major portion of industrial solid wastes, but the two studies report a considerable difference in absolute waste magnitude. This demonstrates the difficulty in attempting to estimate solid waste quantities for the whole nation. California is one of the states with highly organized waste-control programs. Table 9 shows quantitative estimates of California industrial 3-1 solid waste production made in 1969. The table shows that solid waste generated from food industries was expected to increase from 1967 to 2000. Solid wastes from food industries are a major concern, not only |