The USSR and U.S. representatives have arrived at the following understandings which they agree to refer to their governments for consideration. METEOROLOGY It is agreed that this program falls naturally into two stages, an experimental and an operational stage. The first stage will extend approximately from the present time through 1963-64 during the development of experimental weather satellites by both the USSR and the U.S. In this first stage, the two countries will arrange for the establishment of communication links adequate for the transfer, from each to the other, of the data gathered by each nation from its own experimental meteorological satellites. These communication links would connect the World Weather Centers at Moscow and Washington. A Joint Working Group of technical experts will meet in October 1962 to decide upon suitable communication links to be established with due regard to the sharing of costs and the interests of other nations. The Joint Working Group will also establish the criteria for the two-way transfer of satellite data over such links, with the understanding that such transfers will include selected cloud-cover pictures, especially related to storms, vortices, fronts, and the generation of these phenomena, with geographical coordinates provided for all pictures selected, together with nephanalyses based upon the data as a whole. The Joint Working Group will agree upon a date for initiating the two-way transfer of such data, designating this date with due regard for the readiness of the communication links and the readiness of the USSR and the U.S. to provide data of approximately equivalent interest. Data should be exchanged as quickly as possible. The same communication links would be used to exchange weather charts, diagrams, vertical cross-sections, and the material required for solving the problems of world weather, including the extension of prediction periods. Coordinated research efforts should be directed toward these goals. The second stage of the meteorological satellite program will begin approximately in 1964-65 and will apply to the coordinated launchings by the two nations of a system of operational weather satellites. In order to prepare adequately and in a timely fashion for such coordinated launchings, a second Joint Working Group will meet in March 1963 to determine mutually agreeable launching schedules for the operational satellites, the numbers of such satellites, their orbits, and the comparability (to the degree desirable) of the characteristics of their sensors and the data to be obtained. These discussions as to satellite characteristics, numbers, and orbits shall be made with due consideration of recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) with regard to the objectives of weather-data acquisition by satellites for both operations and research. The two-way transfer of data during the second stage shall be determined by the two nations and shall be made on a real-time basis. This transfer and the wider dissemination of such data to other nations will proceed with full consideration of the recommendations and procedures of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Nephanalyses, pictures of cloud cover, and processed data on radiation fluxes will be exchanged mutually. WORLD GEOMAGNETIC SURVEY It was agreed to be useful to arrange for a joint effort in this field by the coordinated launching of two artificial earth satellites equipped with magnetometers during the period of the International Year of the Quiet Sun. These two satellites will be launched, one by the USSR and the other by the U.S., on different mutually agreed orbits. The period before the International Year of the Quiet Sun will be used by both parties (the USSR and the U.S.) to continue magnetic measurements in space in accordance with national work programs, with mutual exchange of processed data of the magnetic measurements. The representatives of the USSR and the U.S. agreed that it would be desirable to establish a Joint Working Group, consisting of USSR and U.S. specialists, for the preliminary consideration of the scientific and technical aspects of the compilation of a map of the magnetic field of the earth with the aid of artificial earth satellites. In particular, the Joint Working Group is to make recommendations on the shape of the orbits, their angle of inclination to the equator, the period during which the satellites are to be operated, the necessary accuracy of measurements, the type of magnetometers to be used on the satellites, the methods of processing and analyzing the data obtained, the methods of correcting them, and so on. Conducting its work, the Joint Working Group will take into consideration any possible recommendations on this question of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The parties agreed that it would be desirable for the members of this Joint Working Group to be appointed by each side as soon as technically possible to begin work on the problems placed before the group, by correspondence and by subsequent meeetings, if neces sary. The parties recognized that data obtained in earth magnetic observatories were of particularly great importance for the successful compilation of a map of the magnetic field of the earth with the aid of the artificial earth satellites. They therefore agreed to make efforts to arrange, through World Data Centers A and B, for a prompt exchange of standard magnetograms from earth observatories, and to arrange that these magnetograms contain all the data required for their use for analyzing the data acquired by satellites. Each side agreed to use its influence with non-governmental organizations (such as the International Committee on Geophysics (CIG), the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), and others) to expedite the transmission to World Data Centers A and B of the necessary earth magnetic data from third countries cooperating with the USSR and U.S. 91298-63-19 SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATIONS Recognizing the role of the International Telecommunications Union and the importance of the establishment of bilateral cooperation between the USSR and the U.S. in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space, we submit the following recommendations: In 1962-63 the USSR and the U.S. agree to cooperate in experiments on communication by means of the U.S. satellite "Echo A-12". We agree to give further consideration to the possibilities of cooperation in joint experiments using active satellites that may be launched by either nation in the future, including the mutual exchange of information on the results of such experiments, and to resume discussions of these possibilities at our next series of meetings. Among the problems which should be discussed at the following meetings is that of the preparation for the working out with other nations of a project for an experimental global system of space communications with due regard to the recommendations of the ITU. CONCLUSION The recommendations proposed at the present stage of the bilateral discussions by the representatives of the USSR and U.S. have a preliminary character and will be presented by both parties to their governments through appropriate agencies for final consideration. If either of the two parties finds it necessary to make any corrections, additions, or deletions in the text of the prepared documents, then all of these changes should be made within the period of two months from this date by correspondence, which will be sent to the following address in Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR Leninsk: Prospekt 14 Moscow USSR and to the following address in Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Attention: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden 400 Maryland Avenue, S.W. Washington 25, D.C., U.S.A. Geneva, June 8, 1962 APPENDIX The following persons participated in the discussions: USSR Representatives Academician A. A. Blagonravov Deputy Minister I. V. Klokov Professor Y. D. Kalinin Professor V. A. Bugaev U.S. Representatives Other U.S. Consultants Congressman George P. Miller Congressman James G. Fulton News-Conference Remarks by President Kennedy, June 14, 1962 1 [Extract] QUESTION. Mr. President, about a year ago you sent to the Congress a greatly expanded space program, and I was wondering if you could give us your own assessment of how we stand technologically, how you think the American people as a whole have responded to the space effort, and whether you place any major realignment such as a bigger military role? ANSWER. Such as a what? QUESTION. Such as a bigger role for the military. ANSWER. Starting at the end, the military have an important and significant role, though the prime responsibility is held by NASA and it is primarily peace, and I think the proportion of that mix should continue. The American people have supported the effort in space, realizing its significance, and also that it involves a great many possibilities in the future which are still almost unknown to us and just coming over the horizon. As far as where we are, I don't think that the United States is first yet in space, but I think a major effort is being made which will produce important results in the coming months and years. 1 Stenotype transcript of press conference, June 14, 1962, Department of State files. Address by Secretary of State Rusk on Disarmament and Arms Control, June 16, 19621 [Extract] The United States and its free world partners do, I believe have a common interest with the Soviet Union, in that both sides desire to preserve their mutual security against the dangers of the arms race. I hope this common interest will become increasingly apparent in the period ahead. There are four specific dangers which the East and West now share which could be the basis for early action in the disarmament field, while we continue the more complex negotiations relating to general disarmament. First, there is the danger which arises from the proliferation of nuclear weapons under the control of an increasing number of individual nations. As more and more nations come to possess their own nuclear stockpiles, the danger of a nuclear conflagration also increases. Secondly, there is the danger of outbreak of war by accident, miscalculation or failure of communications. This danger grows as modern weapons become more complex, command and control difficulties increase, and the premium is on ever faster reaction. Thirdly, there is an increasing danger that outer space will become man's newest battlefield. Steps must be taken at this early stage to keep outer space from being seeded with vehicles carrying weapons of mass destruction, further reducing the security of all of the inhabitants of our planet. This is preventive disarmament, for such nuclear weapons are not now deployed in space. Fourthly, there is the danger that mounting proportions of our national resources, skill and treasure will have to be diverted to the business of developing newer and newer armaments. Neither the United States nor the USSR has so many schools, hospitals and highwaysor so many scientists, engineers, scholars, and artists-that we could not put to better use the funds and energies and talents which go to make our warships and tanks and missiles. These are four areas of potential common interest that are tangible and real. Disarmament negotiations should build upon these areas of interest and achieve concrete agreements which can lessen the dangers that they pose. The United States has offered specific proposals for such concrete action. We will continue to negotiate and to seek effective ways, consistent with our security and that of the nations which associate with us in mutual defense, to turn downward the competition in armaments. On April 18 of this year in Geneva the United States presented a major new proposal-an outline of basic provisions of a treaty on general and complete disarmament in a peaceful world. This plan is a detailed and specific blueprint for disarmament and security. This program has been presented for negotiation--not as a "take-itor-leave-it" proposition. We believe it is a good basis for negotiation. I have already spoken of the new inspection feature of this program. 1 Department of State press release 396, June 15, 1962, pp. 6-7. This address was made before the New Hampshire Council on World Affairs, Concord, N.H. 2 Ante, p. 255. |