3) Enabling foreign scientists and technicians to share in the tion of most U.S. global satellite tracking stations. opera 4) Opening up valuable training opportunities to foreign scientists in U.S. centers and universities for work directly connected with space research projects and operations. This type of "hard" program is essential to international cooperation in space research. For, in this most advanced of technologies, technicians must carefully evaluate all proposals and provide for implementation of the feasible and useful ones through intimate associations, in order to meet the stringent requirements of systems compatibility. Happily, the countries of Europe, stimulated by these opportunities and the broad technological and scientific challenges and obligations of space research, are now planning to organize substantive cooperative programs of their own. The United States welcomes these new centers of cooperation and will assist to the best of its ability in any sound scientific enterprises they may plan and in which they desire us to take part. This also holds true for Latin American and Pacific nations. And what of the future? NASA will continue to make available opportunities for joint projects, research, and training. New and promising international developments will follow from our communications and weather satellite programs, which are already in progress. Thus, the United States is making international cooperation in space a living fact. For the welfare of mankind, all practitioners of space research should do the same. It is highly regrettable that opportunities for truly international cooperation in space research are hampered by the prevailing world political situation. The Soviet Union talks of the "advisability of international coordination of the efforts of all states and nations and suggests that ". it is natural and inevitable that the Soviet Union should rightly play the leading part in the international efforts in space research." Nevertheless, the USSR has increasingly subjected space activities to political opportunism, even attacking the completely open TIROS meteorological satellite program, although the USSR and other nations have been invited to share in TIROS cloud-cover data. Indeed, the USSR was invited to participate in the program. In spite of the present state of affairs, NASA will continue its efforts to extend international cooperation to all nations, including the USSR. President Kennedy has pledged that "we are going to continue to attempt to engage the Soviet Union in a common (space) activity." Science is one human activity that should be independent of political boundaries. Response to NASA's program of joint space research has proven that, if given the chance, men and women of different nations and varying social and political beliefs can collaborate scientifically with enthusiasm and with growing understanding. Letter From the United States Representative (Stevenson) and the Soviet Representative (Zorin) to the President of the United Nations General Assembly (Slim) Transmitting a Report Containing a Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations, September 20, 19611 We have the honour to transmit the attached report and document entitled "Joint statement of agreed principles for disarmament negotiations". We would be grateful if this letter and its enclosures could be circulated to all Members of the United Nations as a document of the General Assembly. (Signed) ADLAI E. STEVENSON Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations (Signed) VALERIAN ALEKSANDROVICH ZORIN Permanent Representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United Nations REPORT TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS In accordance with their statements of 30 March 1961 at the fifteenth session of the General Assembly, the Governments of the United States and the USSR wish to inform the Members of the General Assembly of the results of their exchange of views on questions relating to disarmament and to the resumption of negotiations in an appropriate body, whose composition is to be agreed upon: 1. The exchange of views took place in Washington, D.C., from 19 June to 30 June; in Moscow from 17 July to 29 July; and in New York from 6 September to 19 September 1961. 2. As a result of the exchange of views, the two Governments submit a joint statement of agreed principles which they recommend as guidance for disarmament negotiations when such negotiations are resumed. The text of these agreed principles is attached hereto in the form of a joint statement of the two Governments. 3. The two Governments were not able to reach agreement on the composition of a negotiating body prior to the sixteenth session of the General Assembly. JOINT STATEMENT OF AGREED PRINCIPLES FOR DISARMAMENT NEGOTIATIONS Having conducted an extensive exchange of views on disarmament pursuant to their agreement announced to the General Assembly on 30 March 1961, Noting with concern that the continuing arms race is a heavy burden for humanity and is fraught with dangers for the cause of world peace, 1 General Assembly Official Records: Sixteenth Session, Agenda item 19, Annexes, doc. A/4879, Sept. 20, 1961, pp. 1-2. General Assembly Official Records: Fifteenth Session (Part (II), First Committee, 1141st meeting. Reaffirming their adherence to all the provisions of General Assembly resolution 1378 (XIV) of 20 November 1959, Affirming that to facilitate the attainment of general and complete disarmament in a peaceful world it is important that all States abide by existing international agreements, refrain from any actions which might aggravate international tensions, and seek settlement of all disputes by peaceful means, The United States and the USSR have agreed to recommend the following principles as the basis for future multilateral negotiations on disarmament and to call upon other States to co-operate in reaching early agreement on general and complete disarmament in a peaceful world in accordance with these principles: 1. The goal of negotiations is to achieve agreement on a programme which will ensure: (a) That disarmament is general and complete and war is no longer an instrument for settling international problems, and (b) That such disarmament is accompanied by the establishment of reliable procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes and effective arrangements for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 2. The programme for general and complete disarmament shall ensure that States will have at their disposal only such non-nuclear armaments, forces, facilities and establishments as are agreed to be necessary to maintain internal order and protect the personal security of citizens; and that States shall support and provide agreed manpower for a United Nations peace force. 3. To this end, the programme for general and complete disarmament shall contain the necessary provisions, with respect to the military establishment of every nation, for: (a) The disbanding of armed forces, the dismantling of military establishments, including bases, the cessation of the production of armaments as well as their liquidation or conversion to peaceful uses; (b) The elimination of all stockpiles of nuclear, chemical, bacteriological and other weapons of mass destruction, and the cessation of the production of such weapons; (c) The elimination of all means of delivery of weapons of mass destruction. (d) The abolition of organizations and institutions designed to organize the military effort of States, the cessation of military training, and the closing of all military training institutions; (e) The discontinuance of military expenditures. 4. The disarmament programme should be implemented in an agreed sequence, by stages, until it is completed, with each measure and stage carried out within specified time-limits. Transition to a subsequent stage in the process of disarmament should take place upon a review of the implementation of measures included in the preceding stage and upon a decision that all such measures have been implemented and verified and that any additional verification arrangements required for measures in the next stage are, when appropriate, ready to operate. • On general and complete disarmament. 5. All measures of general and complete disarmament should be balanced so that at no stage of the implementation of the treaty could any State or group of States gain military advantage and that security is ensured equally for all. 6. All disarmament measures should be implemented from beginning to end under such strict and effective international control as would provide firm assurance that all parties are honouring their obligations. During and after the implementation of general and complete disarmament, the most thorough control should be exercised, the nature and extent of such control depending on the requirements for verification of the disarmament measures being carried out in each stage. To implement control over and inspection of disarmament, an international disarmament organization including all parties to the agreement should be created within the framework of the United Nations. This international disarmament organization and its inspectors should be assured unrestricted access without veto to all places, as necessary for the purpose of effective verification. 7. Progress in disarmament should be accompanied by measures to strengthen institutions for maintaining peace and the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. During and after the implementation of the programme of general and complete disarmament, there should be taken, in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, the necessary measures to maintain international peace and security, including the obligation of States to place at the disposal of the United Nations agreed manpower necessary for an international peace force to be equipped with agreed types of armaments. Arrangements for the use of this force should ensure that the United Nations can effectively deter or suppress any threat or use of arms in violation of the purposes and principles of the United Nations. 8. States participating in the negotiations should seek to achieve and implement the widest possible agreement at the earliest possible date. Efforts should continue without interruption until agreement upon the total programme has been achieved, and efforts to ensure early agreement on and implementation of measures of disarmament should be undertaken without prejudicing progress on agreement on the total programme and in such a way that these measures would facilitate and form part of that programme. Address by President Kennedy to the General Assembly, As we extend the rule of law on earth, so must we also extend it to man's new domain-outer space. All of us salute the brave cosmonauts of the Soviet Union. The new horizons of outer space must not be riven by the old bitter concepts of imperialism and sovereign claims. The cold reaches of the universe must not become the new arena of an even colder war. 1 "Let Us Call a Truce to Terror" (Department of State publication 7282; 1961), pp. 12-13. P To this end we shall urge proposals extending the United Nations Charter to the limits of man's exploration in the universe, reserving outer space for peaceful use, prohibiting weapons of mass destruction in space or on celestial bodies, and opening the mysteries and benefits of space to every nation. We shall further propose cooperative efforts between all nations in weather prediction and eventually in weather control. We shall propose, finally, a global system of communications satellites linking the whole world in telegraph and telephone and radio and television. The day need not be far away when such a system will televise the proceedings of this body to every corner of the world for the benefit of peace. Proposed Declaration Submitted to the General Assembly by the United States: A Program for General and Complete Disarmament, September 25, 1961 1 Set forth as the objectives of a programme of general and complete disarmament in a peaceful world: (b) The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons of mass destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order; STAGE I D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles: (a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified categories and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished in each step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO2 of vehicles that are in excess of level agreed upon for each step. At specified periods during the Stage I reduction process, the vehicles that have been placed under supervision of the IDO shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses. (b) Production of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be discontinued or limited. (c) Testing of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be limited or halted. 1 Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 16, 1961, pp. 650–654. • International Disarmament Organization. |