sibility for such activities as budgetary arrangements, staff rules and regulations, and rules of procedure.

6. Examples of specialized agencies now in existence which have some interest in outer space are UNESCO, ITU, WHO, WMO, and ICAO. Those, as well as other agencies not so clearly interested in space activities, differ widely one from another in character of functions and in relationship to the United Nations.

7. The scope and nature of the functions of these agencies suggest the possibility of a comparable United Nations agency to deal with space activities. However, the tasks recommended in accompanying sections of this report would not appear to require the present establishment of a United Nations agency, with a professional staff, to coordinate and supplement other efforts, public and private, in international space co-operation.

B. SEMI-AUTONOMOUS BODIES WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS

8. The General Assembly may, by resolution, establish semi-autonomous operating bodies within the United Nations with mandate or terms of reference established by the General Assembly. The chief executive officer of such a body has broad authority under his mandate but is administratively responsible to the Secretary-General. Three such bodies, with somewhat differing structure, are in existence: the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).

9. In the case of UNICEF, the Director was appointed by the Secretary-General for an indefinite term, without reference to or approval of the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council. His salary and those of his staff are paid for out of the UNICEF budget, which is based on voluntary contributions of Member States. For administrative purposes, however, the staff generally operates as any other office of the United Nations Secretariat. The Executive Board of UNICEF is elected by the Economic and Social Council for definite terms.

10. In the case of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the High Commissioner is appointed by the Secretary-General, with the approval of the General Assembly, for a limited term. The Director of UNRWA is appointed by the SecretaryGeneral in consultation with an advisory commission but without reference to or approval of the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council. In each case, there is an executive committee or advisory group. Financial arrangements also vary somewhat, the programme of the High Commissioner being financed partly from the regular United Nations budget and partly from voluntary contributions, whereas the UNRWA and UNICEF programmes are financed entirely by voluntary contributions.

11. If, at some future time, it was believed that an international agency with a small professional staff would be a useful addition to other co-operative efforts in space, a semi-autonomous body within the United Nations might be appropriate.

C. PERFORMANCE OF FUNCTIONS BY EXISTING SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

12. As is apparent from other parts of the report of this Committee, existing United Nations specialized agencies can perform various useful functions with regard to space activities. Thus, UNESCO, ITU, ICAO, WMO and WHO can all play a role in carrying out technical studies. It does not, however, seem that any of these agencies should be asked to undertake over-all responsibility for future arrangements to facilitate international co-operation in the field of outer space activities, although each can undoubtedly continue to play an important part within the area of its special competence and interest. Their functional interests should of course be welcomed and encouraged.

D. OTHER ARRANGEMENTS WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS

13. The General Assembly may, by resolution, establish a permanent committee, outline the work to be accomplished, and authorize the Secretary-General to employ appropriate personnel. This was done in the case of the Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and in the case of the Secretary-General's Advisory Committee on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. In the case of the former, the Committee itself is responsible for reporting to the General Assembly. In the case of the latter, the General Assembly resolution places this responsibility on the Secretary-General. Personnel of the United Nations supporting these two committees are members of the United Nations Secretariat and are covered by all of its administrative orders. The activities of experts and any outside assistance by them is covered by the regular United Nations budget.

14. Another possibility would be for the General Assembly to ask the Secretary-General to establish a small technical unit within the Secretariat to carry out certain limited functions. Arrangements could also be made for the establishment of an expert advisory committee composed of representatives of interested specialized agencies and key scientists to assist the Secretary-General in the execution of any functions tht might be assigned to the Secretariat.

III. CONCLUSIONS

15. The Ad Hoc Committee has felt that its report under paragraph 1(c) should briefly survey the types of long-term organizational arrangements which are possible within the framework of the United Nations, and relate these to the reports made in connexion with paragraphs 1(a), 1(b) and 1(d) of resolution 1348 (XIII). The findings in the reports on those paragraphs underline the importance already attached by the General Assembly to the common interest of mankind in outer space. While its studies fortify the belief expressed in General Assembly resolution 1348 (XIII), which stressed the need for vigour in the development of programmes of international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, the Committee recognizes that continued study and review of the problem is necessary. Accordingly, the Committee has limited its conclusions to the steps toward such development to be taken at the present stage without taking a position on the longer-range measures.

16. The Committee believes that it would not be appropriate at the present time to establish any autonomous inter-governmental organization for international co-operation in the field of outer space. Likewise, the Committee considers that it would not be suitable to ask any existing autonomous inter-governmental organization to undertake over-all responsibility in the field of outer space.

17. The sections of this report dealing with legal and scientific aspects of the question of the peaceful uses of outer space suggest certain general functions and tasks that might appropriately be undertaken within the framework of the United Nations at the present time. These include:

(a) To provide a focal point for facilitating international cooperation with respect to outer space activities undertaken by Governments, specialized agencies and international scientific organizations;

(b) To study practical and feasible measures for facilitating international co-operation, including those indicated by the Ad Hoc Committee in its report under paragraph 1(b) of the resolution;

(c) To consider means, as appropriate, for studying and resolving legal problems which may arise in the carrying out of programmes for the exploration of outer space;

(d) To review, as appropriate, the subject matter entrusted by the General Assembly to the Ad Hoc Committee in resolution 1348 (XIII).

18. The Committee believes that, for the most part, the questions involved under (b), (c) and (d) above may be such as to require consideration at the governmental level. The General Assembly, if it agrees with this conclusion, may wish to consider the establishment of an Assembly committee, composed of representatives of Member States and having such membership as the Assembly may decide, to perform these functions, to report to the General Assembly and to make recommendations as appropriate.

19. The Committee considers that the functions suggested in paragraph 17 (a) above, which primarily is intented to implement the conclusion of the Technical Committee that "there is a need for a suitable centre related to the United Nations that can act as a focal point for international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space", are of a different character. These are functions of the type frequently entrusted to an international secretariat. The General Assembly may therefore wish to consider, among other possibilities, that of requesting the Secretary-General to organize a small expert unit within the Secretariat for this purpose. Because the precise character of such a Secretariat unit can be developed only in the light of experience and after consultation with the various bodies involved, it may be desirable to provide a means whereby the Secretary-General can avail himself of the advice and assistance of those directly concerned in this field.

20. Consideration might therefore be given to provision for a small committee advisory to the Secretary-General, which could include representatives of the appropriate specialized agencies, scientists designated by international scientific organizations, and representatives of Member States, as necessary.

21. It would be possible for the General Assembly to adopt some or all of the suggestions described in paragraphs 18, 19 and 20, in any combination it deems appropriate.

22. The Committee believes that it would be appropriate for existing specialized agencies to continue to pursue lines of endeavour within their competence in regard to outer space activities. The Committee believes that the General Assembly might ask these agencies to include in their reports to the United Nations information on their activities in connexion with outer space.

News-Conference Remarks by President Eisenhower on Ballistic Missiles and Outer Space, July 29, 1959 1

[Extracts]

1

Q. Mr. President, on another aspect of our position in the world, Secretary of Defense McElroy 2 testified that Russia now has intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of hitting our country, somewhat less than 10 of them.

3

On the other hand, Lieutenant General Schriever yesterday said that our first intercontinental missile will be ready for combat use September 1st.

Do you feel that Russia's superiority over us in this one phase of armament at the moment gives her an advantage over us presently in Geneva, at the bargaining table, and that she can practice blackmail diplomacy until we do catch up in the missile field?

THE PRESIDENT. No, I don't think so at all. After all, we fired last night very successfully an operational-that is, a Series C-Atlas; and it fulfilled every single test and was fired at long range. What I would like to get at is this: I must tell you once again, the Russians have been working on long-range ballistic missiles since 1945. We started in 1954. Now, I think that our scientists and our services have done an extraordinary job in catching up as fast as they can. They are going at a very satisfactory and in my opinion about the maximum rate that it is possible to go.

In addition to that, you must remember that this is a period of transition. You cannot "off with the old" immediately, and go all to the new until you have tried it out. Therefore, our strength that is counterbalancing some of these other strengths of which I don't have any idea of the exact numbers although the Secretary of Defense, I believe, did say that fewer than 10; in any event, that part I don't argue about-I just say this: we have other means and other methods that are fully counterbalancing during this transition period, in my opinion.

1 Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1959, pp. 554-556.

2 Neil H. McElroy, Secretary of Defense, 1957-1959.

3 Lt. Gen. Bernard A. Schriver, U.S.A.F., commander, Air Research and Development Command, Andrews Air Force Base.

Q.. You have been criticized in the past for not spending enough money on the space program because the Russians were ahead of us, but the other day the House cut $68 million out of your budget for the space program. I wonder what your reaction was to that?

THE PRESIDENT. Well, I talked to Dr. Glennan about it. He thinks it's quite serious. The program, of course, that is already set up is, to my mind, a rather-well, indeed it is quite generous. I think it's on about the third year it gets close to a billion dollars just in space.

Now, remember, Glennan and his crowd are supposed to have the peaceful uses; this, therefore, is not involved, except you might say psychologically, in our defending the United States. This seems to me to be quite a splendid program; I mean, a very well supported one. Now, this $68 million, he gave me the details of what this would do to him, and he thinks it's very detrimental to success.

Statement by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on Cooperation by the United States and the United Kingdom in Space Exploration, July 29, 1959 1

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, welcomed the announcement today in the British House of Lords that Her Majesty's Government has approved proposals for cooperation with the United States in scientific research in space, subject to the conclusion of formal arrangements between the two governments.

Viscount Hailsham, Lord President of the Council, told the House of Lords that Her Majesty's Government has considered and approved proposals that British scientists prepare instrumentation for satellites to be placed in orbit from the United States.

The proposals were submitted by Professor H. S. W. Massey and a team of experts who visited the United States in June for discussions with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. These talks resulted in an informal technical understanding between NASA officials and Professor Massey for the launching of several instrumented satellites by means of the "Scout" vehicle, which NASA is developing for use with civil scientific research.

Dr. Dryden said:

It is gratifying to know that British scientists now will join with American scientists in unlocking the secrets of space for the good of all mankind. There is much that free nations can contribute to understanding of the universe and the celestial bodies which compose it, as well as to the practical application of that knowledge. We look forward to fruitful cooperation with our British colleagues.

As announced by Lord Hailsham today, information concerning the joint U.S.-U.K. space exploration programs and their results will be made available to the international scientific community.

1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration news release 59-193, July 29, 1959.