turned with a single galley, but brought a mes- formidable guests, that they engaged to provide A sufficient number of transports was at in his new station. The army re-embarked, and the wind continuing fair, carried it in two days to the port of Heraclea. The Heracleots sent a present of flour, wine, sheep, and oxen, sufficient to supply its wants for two or three days; but this hospitable treatment only served to inflame the cupidity which had been awakened as soon as fear began to subside; and one Lycus, an Achæan, proposed to demand a large sube dy from Heraclea. The motion was carried, and when Cheirisophus and Xenophon, strenuuust remonstrating against this injustice, refused to be the bearers of the message, it was intrusted to other envoys, who delivered it in threatening language. They were dismissed with an equ ocal answer; and the Heracleots immediacy made preparations for defending their city The authors of the iniquitous project rented their disappointment in murmurs against thos who had opposed it, and persuaded the Arcad: ans and Achæans, who formed more than half the army, to separate themselves from the rest, and to try to mend their fortunes under genet als of their own. Thus, within six or seve days after his election, Cheirisophus found him- the sacrifices no longer forbade an expedition, self reduced to his former rank, with the loss in which the Greeks revenged themselves by a of all the Arcadians and Achæans who had complete victory over the satrap's forces. hitherto served under him. Xenophon was now inclined to throw up his command; but he was induced to retain it partly, as he says, by the appearance of the sacrifices, and partly by the prospect of embarking under the protection of Cleander, the Spartan harmost of Byzantium, who was expected with a squadron at Port Calpe on the coast of Bithynia. The army left Heraclea in three divisions. The Arcadians and Achæans-inore than 4500 heavy-armed infantry under the command of ten generals invested with equal powers-eager for the spoil of Bithynia, embarked first, and landed at Port Calpe. Cheirisophus, with 1400 heavy-armed, and 700 Thracian targeteers, marched along the coast towards the same point. Xenophon-who leaves us in great doubt as to his motives for parting from Cheirisophus-sailed as far as the confines of Bithynia, and then struck into the interior. His division consisted of 1700 heavy infantry, about 300 targeteers, and forty cavalry, the only force of that kind in the army. He had perhaps chosen the upper road in the hope of averting or remedying the calamities which he might well augur from the rashness and presumption of the more numerous body, and, in fact, he came up just in time to rescue them from the Bithynians, who had surrounded a hill on which they had taken refuge, but dispersed in the night as soon as they saw the fires which Xenophon had kindled at a distance. The three divisions met in safety at Porte Calpe; and, having gained wisdom by the recent disaster, agreed never more to part company. Soon afterward Cleander arrived; but he brought only two galleys of war, and no transports. He was accompanied by Dexippus, who had laboured to prejudice him against the army, and especially against Xenophon, and by his own misconduct provoked a tumult, in which Cleander believed his person to have been threatened. The power of Sparta was at this time so formidable, that Xenophon dreaded the worst consequences from his resentment, and persuaded the army to appease it by the most respectful submission to his pleasure. The Spartan did not want generosity; and being at length convinced that Dexippus had deceived him, admitted Xenophon to his friendship, and took the army under his protection. A march of six days, in the course of which they collected a great booty, brought them through Bithynia to Chrysopolis, over against Byzantium. While they stayed here to dispose of the spoil, they received two invitations from different quarters to cross over to Europe. Pharnabazus feared that they might be tempted, both by cupidity and revenge, to invade his satrapy, and by such offers as few Spartans were able to resist, engaged Anaxibius to use his influence to draw them out of Asia. Anaxibius accordingly sent for the principal officers to Byzantium, and repeated the promise which he had before made through Cheirisophus, of taking them into pay as soon as they came over. Xenophon announced his intention of quitting the army, but was persuaded by the Spartans to remain with it until it had landed in Europe. It happened that at this time, Scuthes, an Odrysian prince, The army was detained at Calpe several who had inherited a part of the great monarchy days; at first, when on the point of setting out of Sitalces, including some of its maritime reto march across Bithynia to the Bosporus, by gions, having been expelled from his dominions, the unpropitious appearance of the victims-was striving to recover them with a body of which, Xenophon says, some were bold enough troops which had been sent to his assistance to ascribe to his management-afterward wait- by Medocus, who was now reigning over the ing for the arrival of Cleander. Xenophon's narrative of the transactions of this interval is very mysterious. It is clear, from his description of the Peninsula of Calpe, that he thought the situation admirably adapted for a colony. | It was generally believed in the army that he wished to found one there; and the men were on this account unwilling to encamp in a strong position which might have served as the citadel of a new town, and when at last they were compelled to do so through fear of the Bithyni-, ans and Pharnabazus, this encampment was universally regarded as the beginning of a set- Anaxibius, having accomplished his end, tlement. Xenophon, however, does not inform when the troops had landed at Byzantium, us how far this opinion was well grounded, but would immediately have dismissed them withonly seems anxious to guard himself from the out either pay or provisions, to make their way suspicion of collusion with the soothsayers; a into the Thracian Chersonesus, where, he in suspicion which it is nevertheless very difficult formed them, they would find employment unto suppress, when we find the sacrifices by der the command of Cyniscus, apparently anwhich the movements of the army were regu- other Spartan officer. This intelligence was lated, uniformnly tending towards the object communicated to the men just as they had iswhich he was supposed to have had in view. I sued from the gates of Byzantium; and it proCheirisophus died of a fever at Calpe, and Neon, voked a transport of indignation, in which they who succeeded him, having led out 2000 men burst into the city, and were only restrained on a foraging excursion in spite of the adverse from keeping possession of it by the remonomens, was surprised by the cavalry which strances of Xenophon, whom many of them urPharnabazus had sent out to aid the Bithynians, ged to seize this opportunity of rising to greatand lost 500 of his troops. After this disaster, ness by placing himself at their head. He con more inland tribes still subject to the Odrysian empire. Seuthes was desirous of engaging the Cyrean troops, as they began to be called, in his service, and sent a Thracian, named Medosades, to negotiate for this object with Xenophon, who, he promised, should not find him ungrateful for his good offices, if he would induce the army to cross the channel. Xenophon, however, informed the envoy that this measure was already resolved on, and that when it was executed, his own connexion with the army would cease. HISTORY OF GREECE. vinced them of the desperate rashness of bra- Anaxibius heard with pleasure that the army The events which we have been relating soon became known throughout Greece, and they suggested several interesting reflections to a thoughtful observer. From the days of Aristagoras, the Greeks, though they had long ceased to view the Persian power with apprehension, had regarded the Great King as inaccessi ble to their attacks in his eastern capitals. But now a Persian prince, thoroughly acquainted with the strength of the empire, had advanced 2000 miles into the interior to dethrone the reigning monarch, with an army in which the only troops on which, according to his public declarations, he placed any reliance were about 10,000 Greek adventurers. The battle of Cunaxa proved that he had not miscalculated his means, and that it was not the want of force, but either of prudence or of fortune, that caused the failure of his enterprise. Even after his death, this handful of Greeks had felt themselves able to dispose of the throne of Asia, and the sequel seemed to show that this confidence was not ill grounded. The Persian court had betrayed its weakness and its fears in all the attempts which it made to cut off their retreat; and their struggles with the independent tribes through which they passed, proved both the great number of nations dwelling within the his power with impunity, and that no region of Asia was impervious to the arms of the Greeks. compass of the king's dominions which defied The practical inference was immediately drawn, though it was not fully demonstrated till near a century later. celebrated man who fills so conspicuous a place But before we again fall into the main curin the latter part of the foregoing narrative, that rent of Grecian history, it seems due to the we should pause a few moments to consider the close of his personal adventures, though it lies at some distance beyond the point of time which clined the offers with which Seuthes tempted him to sacrifice his reputation, and the goodwe have reached. Xenophon had prudently dewill of the army, to temporary gain, or a settleed the intention of returning home, but was persuaded by his friends to accompany the army ment on the coast of Thrace. He still professinto Asia, and to consign it to the Spartan officer under whom it was henceforth to serve. He arrived at Lampsacus with the esteem and gratitude of his comrades, heightened by his recent conduct, but with so scanty a provision for his own wants, that he was obliged to sell a favourite horse to supply himself with the means of journeying homeward. But not long after he led the troops on a marauding excursion in Lydia, from which they returned with a large booty; and the portion which they reserved for him, made him, as he says, rich enough to be bountiful to others. He now, perhaps, expected to return to Athens in affluence and honour: but this was not his lot. He returned to Grecce zens, whom he met in battle on the field of Coronea. an exile, bearing arms against his fellow-cu the cause of his banishment; but the most probable account seems to be that which assigns at We have no sure information as to to one by which the forebodings of Socrates ceive that the resentment of the Athenians was were realized; and it is not difficult to can Paus., v., 6, 5. excited as well by the share he took in the ex- | to atone for his ancient hostility by a chimerpedition of Cyrus as by the services which he ical project for the improvement of the Athehad rendered to Sparta after his return. But nian finances. CHAPTER XXXV. we know too little of his private connexions, or his political relations, to be sure that other motives did not at least concur with this to occasion his sentence; and, indeed, his own narrative, strictly interpreted, would lead us to conclude that it had not been passed until he had FROM THE RENEWAL OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN set out with the Spartan king, Agesilaus, on his expedition against Athens and her allies. SPARTA AND PERSIA TO THE DEATH OF LYSAN- The Spartans rewarded him for his attach- THE motives which induced the Spartan govment to them with the title of proxenus, and ernment to declare itself in favour of Cyrus in with a grant of land and a house near the town his contest with his elder brother, were not, of Scillus in Triphylia, in a pleasant valley not perhaps, without a mixture of personal feelfar from the plain of Olympia. Here he fixed ings; but they were certainly not pure gratihis abode, and was enabled to consecrate the tude and good-will. It no doubt perceived that scene of his retirement by an act of piety. He it would be conferring a weighty obligation on had carried the portion of the votive tenth one of the rivals, who might become a still which fell to his share in the division of the more powerful and useful ally than he had hithbooty at Cerasus as far as Ephesus, and, when erto been, while its forbearance would be but he was on the point of setting out with Agesi- little prized by the other. The issue of the laus, deposited the part due to the Ephesian enterprise of Cyrus could not inspire it with goddess with Megabyzus, the guardian of her much uneasiness. If he should not fully suctemple, to be restored to him if he should pass ceed, there might still be a prospect of dividing safely through the dangers of the approaching or weakening the Persian empire; and if he campaign, otherwise to be laid out in an offer- should utterly fail, it had nothing to dread but ing to Artemis. After he had settled at Scillus, a war with Persia: an event to which it had, Megabyzus arrived there on a pilgrimage to probably, begun already to look forward more Olympia, and restored the deposite, with which with hope than with fear. The victory of ArtaXenophon purchased a tract of land in the vale xerxes soon afforded it an occasion for maniof Scillus, dedicated it to the goddess, and on festing the new spirit which animated its counit built a small fane after the model of the great cils. While the Greeks were on their return, temple of Ephesus, in which he placed an im- Tissaphernes was sent down to the West to age of cypress wood, shaped like the golden receive the reward of his signal services, havEphesian idol. The temple stood in a grove ing been appointed to the government of the of fruit-trees; the rest of the sacred land con- provinces which had been before subject to sisted chiefly of pastures and woods abounding Cyrus, in addition to his own satrapy, and inin game; and a little stream which flowed vested with the like superintending authority through it was named, like one within the pre- as had been given to the prince. He now cincts of the Ephesian Artemisium, Selinus. A claimed the dominion of the Ionian cities as infestival was celebrated every year in honour of cluded within his new province; but he found the goddess, and was attended by a large con- them very unwilling to submit to him. They course of worshippers from the neighbouring had provoked his displeasure by the preference districts, who were entertained with the prod- which they had shown for Cyrus: they dreaded uce of the sacred land, according to a solemn his resentment, and they hoped, with the aid obligation recorded on a pillar which stood near of Sparta, to be able to maintain their independthe temple, by which the possessor was bound ence. Their envoys pressed the Spartan govto consume a tenth of its fruits in a yearly sac-ernment, as the acknowledged head of the rifice. In this delightful retreat Xenophon spent many quiet, yet active years, dividing his time between his literary occupations, the pleasures of the chase, and the society of his family and friends. It seems, however, that he did not end his days here, though the causes which led him to quit it are not well ascertained. According to one author, he was driven away by an inroad of the Eleans, and took refuge in Corinth, where he is said to have died at an advanced age;* but, according to another statement, he was restored to his native city, and by a decree moved by the same orator, Eubulus, who had been the author of his banishment. And since, as we shall see, a time came when to be a friend of Sparta was no longer an offence at Athens, the fact of his recall is by no means improbable;+ and it would even appear that in his old age he endeavoured Diog. Laert., ii., 60. It would seem indeed to follow, from the oration of Greek nation, to protect them from the yoke and from the vengeance of the barbarian. The Spartans no longer considered themselves bound by the treaty in which, at a time when they were in need of Persian gold, they had acknowledged the king's title to the whole of Asia; and they seem gladly to have embraced the opportunity thus offered of extending their credit and power. Thimbron was sent, with the title of harmost, to undertake the defence of the Ionians, at the head of an army consisting only of 1000 Neodamodes, and about 4000 Peloponnesian troops, and 300 Athenian cavalry, which he had demanded and offered to maintain, perhaps not without a hint that such a requisition would be welcome. In fact, it enabled the Athenians, without any breach of the amnesty, to rid themselves of so many citizens of the equestrian class, who, as they had been among the steadiest supporters of the Thirty, could never be viewed without suspicion. Thimbron, on his arrival in Asia, collected Dinarchus, mentioned by Diog. La., 11., 52, that he resided re-enforcements to the amount of about 3000 for some time at Athens. HISTORY OF GREECE. men* from the Greek cities, where, as Xeno- the commission which appointed him successor phon observes, the will of a Spartan at this to Cyrus; and he took advantage of it to divide time was law. Still, the enemy's superiority their forces, and to revenge himself on Pharnain cavalry was so great that he did not venture bazus, who had once drawn an ignominions at first to descend into the open plain, where military punishment upon him while he comhe would have been exposed to its attacks, but manded as harmost of Abydos under Lysander. contented himself with defending the immedi- He concluded an armistice with Tissaphernes ate neighbourhood of more tenable positions. on the condition that he should turn his arms The scene of these operations, however, was against Pharnabazus; and while Tissaphernes not Ionia, but the more northern coast near the thus showed his indifference to his master's insatrapy of Pharnabazus, towards which Tissa- terests, by abandoning a colleague whom it was phernes had marched, perhaps with the view his duty to protect, the Spartan ventured to disof keeping the war at as great a distance as he regard the orders given to Thimbron, and bent could from that part of his province in which his march northward, towards the midland dishis private property lay; and he had been en-trict called Æolis, from the Eolian towns which gaged for some time, without success, in the peopled it. siege of Cuma.† Thimbron's first object was of the upper valleys of Mount Ida, and was subto meet the Cyrean troops, and, soon after their ject to Pharnabazus. On his way he exhibited It included a part of the skirts and arrival at Pergamus, he incorporated them with a strong and advantageous contrast to the laxhis own, and now felt himself strong enough to ity of his predecessor's discipline, in the strictface the enemy on any ground. Pergamus and ness with which he compelled his troops to reseveral other towns in this region submitted to spect the property of their allies; and, on his him. Among them were some which were arrival in Eolis, he lighted upon an extraordigoverned by two remarkable Greek families: nary supply, which enabled him with ease and by the descendants of the Spartan exile Dema- safety to persevere in the same system. It was ratus, who bore the names of Eurysthenes and the result of a train of events on which XenoProcles, and by Gorgion and Gongylus, who in- phon dwells with evident pleasure for the sake herited the lordship which had been granted by of the moral lesson, and with a minuteness the Persian king to their ancestor Gongylus, an which we could have wished him to have reEretrian, as the reward of his treason to the served for matters of higher historical interest, cause of Greece.t or their fears, were stronger than their gratiBut their national feelings, which he has left in comparative obscurity. tude, and they opened the gates of their towns of his Eolis, as it was called to distinguish it to their countrymen. Some other places Thim- from the maritime region occupied by the EoPharnabazus had committed the government bron took by assault; but before Larissa-that lian colonies, to Zenis, a Greek of Dardanus. distinguished by the epithet of the Egyptian-On the death of Zenis, Mania, his widow, an he was detained so long by the vigorous resist-able and enterprising woman, by a timely appli ance of the besieged, that he received orders from the ephors to waste no more time there, but to march into Caria, and carry the war to the doors of Tissaphernes. cation to the satrap, accompanied with rich dent, and prosperous. But nearly at the time that these orders were sent, complaints were laid against him at Sparta by the allies, which induced the government to supersede him before he had completed his year of office. He either neglected to preserve discipline among his troops, or had been compelled, by the want of other resources, to connive at the depredations they committed in the friendly country through which they passed. At Ephesus he was met by his successor, Der-tended the satrap on his military expeditions, cyllidas, to whom he immediately resigned his command. On his return to Sparta he was sentenced to a fine, and was either banished or driven into exile by the heaviness of the penalty. Dercyllidas was a Spartan of Lysander's school, so notorious for his mastery in the arts of stratagem and intrigue, as to have earned the nickname of Sisyphus, the legendary exemplar of cunning. His first measure was one in which he consulted his private passions rather than the public interest, but at the same time gave proof of his dexterity, and revealed the weakness of the Persian system of government. He knew that great jealousy existed between Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, who, once his equal, had lately been raised to a higher rank by The army, when Dercyllidas took the command, amountd to 8000 men. Xenoph., Hell., iii., 1, 28. + Diodor., xiv., 35. conciliated his favour by her exactness in the payment of the tribute, her munificence, and her hospitality, and was admitted to a share in his councils. Within her dominions she exercised absolute authority, and amassed an ample treasure. Xenophon says he was the only Eretrian who was exiled on account of his treason. But there were others who shared it. Her., vi., 100. See p. 243. towards manhood, the other married, promised The |