6. Land use

(a) This rancheria consists of two areas separated by approximately one-half mile and the Garcia River. The area located on the south side of the river, consisting of 254 acres, was purchased by the Indian Bureau in 1937. This area is operated as a dairy. In addition, eight families have their homes near the dairy headquarters. The original 115 acres which this band occupied is located on the north side of the river, much of which is assigned to the eight families still residing there. None of the family heads on the rancheria have land under lease. All family heads have house assignments, and eight have land assignments on the original 115 acre area. However, about 90 percent is still in tribal status. (b) There is a total of 16 assignments. Eight land assignments on this original area were made prior to 1934 and eight house assignments were made since 1934. No standard assignment forms have been used and there are no exchange assign

ments.

(c) No land has been transferred from allotted to tribal status. There is no submarginal land on this rancheria.

(d) Land records are not current where temporary assignments are involved. (e) No map is enclosed for this rancheria since all lands are in tribal status. 7. Law and order

(a) The tribal organization has not developed any ordinances which would govern the members in accordance with State law.

(b) Domestic relations of the members are handled by the individuals concerned. In other words, they are handled in the same manner as for non-Indians.

(c) There are no provisions in the tribal organization for dealing with either adult or child delinquencies. These matters are handled for the Indians in the same manner as they are handled for non-Indians in the vicinity.

(d) Crime is handled by the Federal and county authorities contingent upon jurisdiction. Prosecution when appropriate is handled by the Department of Justice.

(e) Religious affiliations of the rancheria members and the size of each group were estimated by tribal officers as follows: 12 members belong to the Pentecostal Church and the remainder are affiliated with various Protestant churches. In addition most members also belong to the original Indian religion, for which all services are conducted in the Round (or Sweat) house located on the original area of the rancheria.

(f) There is no tribal code of law and order.

8. Reports and documents

(a) Documents of the tribal organization, as indicated on the attached forms (accompanying questionnaire), are assembled in the Sacramento area office in addition to files maintained by the tribal secretary. The extent of material available in the area office files insofar as minutes and resolutions are concerned is directly contingent upon what the tribal officers may submit. In general, all resolutions are submitted to the area office since most require the approval of the area director.

(b) The tribal officers (secretary) maintain full written records of all proceedings of minutes of tribal officers and the membership.

(c) There have been no major deficiencies in tribal records.

(d) The tribal organization does not maintain a record of births, marriages, deaths, or record of disease. The only record of California Indian births and deaths other than those in the county and State bureau of vital statistics has been compiled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in connection with the preparation and revision of the roll of California Indians, 1950 roll. The tendency relative to marriage by this band is to follow the State law and obtain a marriage license. 11. The following is a list of tribal resolutions submitted since June 30, 1951, for approval of the area director:

(1) Resolution dated April 30, 1951, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $115. Request approved and check issued September 6, 1951.

(2) Resolution dated August 15, 1951, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $167.50. Request approved and check issued August 15, 1951.

(3) Resolution dated September 15, 1951, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Baud

of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $108.50. Request approved and check issued September 20, 1951.

(4) Resolution dated November 30, 1951, request for payment for the following bills of service from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $83.50. Request approved and check issued December 6, 1951.

(5) Resolution dated November 10, 1951, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $278.75 (funeral expenses).

(6) Resolution dated February 15, 1952, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $160.

(7) Resolution dated March 30, 1952, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $125.50. Request approved and check issued March 31, 1952.

(8) Resolution dated April 15, 1952, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $132.50. Request approved and check issued April 16, 1952.

(9) Resolution dated April 30, 1952, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (indivudual Indian account) in the amount of $107.50. Request approved and check issued May 5, 1952.

(10) Resolution dated August 30, 1952, request for payment for the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $111.50. Request approved and check issued September 4, 1952.

(11) Resolution dated October 15, 1952, request for payment for ranch supplies to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $237.12. Request approved and check issued October 20, 1952.

(12) Resolution dated January 15, 1953, request for payment of the following bills of services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $110.50. Request approved and check issued January 29, 1953.

(13) Resolution dated January 31, 1953, request for payment for the following bills or services from funds to the credit of the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians (individual Indian account) in the amount of $107.50. Request approved and check issued February 2, 1953.

(14) Forty-four separate resolutions received, requested the payment of miscellaneous services for the Manchester Band of Pomo Indians in amounts varying from $5 to $96.50. These were received between July 15, 1951, to the present time. These requests were all approved and individual checks were issued.

12. There were no resolutions submitted since June 30, 1951, requiring approval of the Secretary of the Interior.

VIII. OWENS VALLEY PAIUTE SHOSHONE BANDS

1. Organizations

(a) Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Bands, Inyo County, Calif. (referred to in your questionnaire as Owens Valley Tribal Organization). These bands do not have an approved written constitution. They conduct their business through a board of seven trustees, who serve in staggered 3-year terms. A proposed constitution and bylaws was prepared in 1950, but never has been approved. This tribal organization handles the business of three tracts, namely: Bishop, Big Pine, and Lone Pine. The Bishop tract consists of 875 acres and has five trustees on the board; Big Pine consists of 279 acres; and Lone Pine 237 acres. The latter two tracts each have one trustee on the board. These three tracts were established through a land exchange agreement with the city of Los Angeles, which was consummated on July 29, 1939; at which time the city was purchasing land to obtain additional water and power for its use.

(b) There is only one important faction within the Owens Valley area and it involves very few who are actually residing on either of the exchange tracts. However, it does include about 20 families who are still residing on what was their original land, but which is now property of the city of Los Angeles. The

members of this faction are members of Indians of California Inc., and for which Fredric G. Collett is the executive representative. Any official action by this faction has not given constructive support to the tribal organization nor cooperstion to programs recommended by the Indian Bureau. The only particular role played by this faction in the history of the current tribal government was to strongly oppose the entire idea of the land exchange (as explained in (a) above). (c) There are no localized or otherwise noticeable conservative or advanced social groups among these Indians.

(d) There are some arrangements with the local city government through which the city of Bishop furnishes fire protection to the Indian homes on the Bishop tract; the mosquito abatement district also covers this tract. Similar arrangements probably exist at Big Pine and Lone Pine, also. All children of school age attend the local town school; they ride the school bus daily with the non-Indians who reside in the vicinity. Arrangements with the county govern ment include the following and probably others as well: The welfare department has been quite active in rendering old age assistance, caring for numerous children in foster homes and in general assistance; the sheriff and the district attorney have agreed to give them assistance by treating Indians and non-Indians alike just as far as possible, even though none of the sheriff's staff have U.S. deputy commissions. One Indian is a member of the sheriff's posse. The county road department has signed an agreement to take over all future construction and maintenance of the Indian roads (on the three tracts) as soon as they are brought up to a mutually agreed standard and the rights of way are transferred to the county. The trustees have passed a resolution in accordance with the above work and transfer. The public school which the reservation children attend receives financial assistance under a Johnson-O'Malley educational contract with the State of California under the terms of which funds paid to the State are reallocated to needy school districts where Indians reside.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs has a cooperative fire control agreement with the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, which provides for fire suppression on this reservation; under this agreement the Forest Service is reimbursed for suppression costs of fires on Indian lands.

(e) There is considerable tendency toward greater assumption of responsibilities for their own welfare and self government, as indicated by the following actions: The trustees have employed a clerk, on a one-half time basis, who keeps books on a maintenance fund for each house on all three tracts; books are also kept covering both irrigation and domestic water charges on the Bishop tract; the latter funds are maintained in a local bank and from which the watermaster's salary, domestic water pumping charges, and electricity for the community hall are paid; the house maintenance fund, the revolving credit funds and some additional funds are on deposit in an individual Indian money account in the Sacramento area office. Recently the trustees requested all their funds to be transferred for deposit in the local bank in Bishop; during the past few years the trustees have handled the leasing of 10 or more idle assignments; the current trustees have initiated a plan to assign or reassign all these lands and homes to some of their own members; the trustees administer a community pasture consisting of about 120 acres, and the clerk maintains a complete record for same; they also administer the community hall and adjacent barbecue grounds; the revolving credit account of this band has been repaid, in advance, except for one delinquent loan, made to a member at Bishop; the trustees have a pumice building block plant which is either leased periodically or operated by some delegated member; and the trustees have also taken the responsibility for handling many other miscellaneous activities on the tracts, such as rebuilding homes destroyed by fire, naming and posting same on the various reservation roads, etc.

2. Officers

(a) There is no real tendency for the trustees to succeed themselves. However, several have been reelected more than once, but usually not in successive terms. (b) There is no relationship between trustees and employees.

(c) All trustees have assignments of tribal agricultural land, as do most heads of families of other members residing on the tracts. This year no lands are leased (d) Character requirements are not necessary for membership on the board of trustees.

3. Membership and voting

(a) Approximately 50 percent of the Indians of voting age have participated in the tribal elections during the past 2 years. The percentage may be higher at Big Pine and Lone Pine, but not Bishop.

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(b) There is no current census for these bands and time did not permit making a trip to Bishop for this purpose. The tribal officers were not able to furnish any estimates. Our best estimate of Indians of voting age at present is 220. We estimate that about 75 percent are registered voters of their county. The latter information was recently furnished by the veterans organization on the Bishop tract, which conducted a project to get Indians registered during the past year.

(c) No one has been adopted into these bands. However, a large number of children have been born to members. No members have been removed, except by death.

(d) There is no record of membership on the three tracts, to date. Our estimate is 350 members. A considerable number of additional members live off the tracts, primarily because of the lack of adequate employment.

(e) All adult members have fixed family names and all have fixed post office address.

(f) There is no tribal roll for these bands.

(g) There is no roll available for the people now residing on these three tracts and constituting these bands. All rolls prepared for this area were prepared prior to the establishment of these tracts and all said rolls were on a countywide basis and therefore cannot be applied here. The administration of the Indian affairs in this county had been handled through the Indian Bureau's offices in Nevada, prior to the fall of 1948, when it was transferred to the Sacramento area office.

4. Income and accounts

(a) These bands have not levied a tax on their members.

(b) The income for these bands is not very extensive and no one is actually dependent upon such income. The sources and income include: Rental of vacant homes and idle assignments (not available this year), pasture rental from the community pasture; use of the building block plant; rental from the community hall; a house maintenance fee is charged the members occupying a trustproperty house; a domestic water fee of $0.50 per month is charged each family occupying a house on the tracts and an irrigation water fee is charged each party using irrigation water.

(c) The sources of income for the heads of families is extremely varied. Several have trades such as mechanics, plumbers, carpenters, printing press operators, etc.; some have established a business in plumbing, building, contract farm work, etc. Most have some agricultural income from their assigned lands; and one rents additional lands which provide a full-time farming business for himself and two sons. Many work for the city of Los Angeles on various local jobs in the water and power departments.

(d) The tribal economic position has improved materially since 1934, but not for those members who have not yet moved into the tracts, estimated at 20 families. The families on the tracts have from 5 up to about 20 acres of exceptionally good agricultural lands with 4 acre-feet of irrigation water per acre per year, delivered by gravity. Most of this acreage is being utilized intensely. All families have substantial homes with all the conveniences of the homes in the adjacent towns, at least 125 homes were built with the proceeds of a grant from emergency relief and rural rehabilitation funds. The 20 families still residing (as squatters) on what was their original land are in no better position today than they were in 1934. The city of Los Angeles provides some wage work, but many families have had to move out of the county since 1934 to find adequate wage work that they could perform, since most of the water has been taken from agriculture in Owens Valley, by the city of Los Angeles for water and power.

(e) The tribal organization has had an annual accounting of its finances, which are held in an individual Indian account in the Sacramento area office. (f) The various assets of these bands include:

Land (with 4 acre-feet water) 1,391 acres, approximately.
Irrigation and drainage development work.

Homes and community buildings...

Building block plant and other equipment.

Grand total of assets.

$1,000, 000

300, 000 330, 000 2,000

1, 632, 000

22-146-63

5. Enterprise and organizations

(a) There are no business enterprises, as such, operated by these bands. However, there are two part-time employees: A one-half time clerk and a seasonal watermaster. Other members are employed intermittently to operate the building block plant or to work on fences, etc., relative to the community pasture.

(b) A very active organization among the members on the Bishop tract is the Indian veterans organization and their woman's auxiliary. These groups were organized following World War II and there are probably 25 or more members in each.

6. Land use

(a) Almost 100 percent of heads of families now residing on the three tracts have land assignments. Many additional assignments, to members living in the immediate area are being considered by the trustees presently. There are approximately 100 applications, some dating back to 1946, being considered by the present trustees. No lands are leased at present. About 10 percent of the tribal lands are still being used as such by the tribal organization.

(b) There are approximately 140 assignments on these 3 tracts, which are considered as standard assignments.

(c) No land has been transferred from allotment to tribal status. However, reassignment to other members has been made occasionally.

(d) Land records for these tracts are not current. In the past few years, disposition of allotted lands has occupied all available time and consequently reviews, tabulation, and recording of assignments has received little attention. The tribal organization has a reasonably accurate and current record on these tracts.

(e) We are not enclosing maps for these three tracts since all the lands are still in tribal status.

7. Law and order

(a) No tribal ordinances have been developed which would govern the members in accordance with State laws, except the agreement to turn their road rightsof-way over to the county. When this is done, the roads will be public and all travel over them will be in accordance with local and State regulations.

(b) Domestic relations of these tracts are handled in the same manner as for non-Indians.

(c) The tribal organization has no provisions for dealing with either adult or child delinquencies. Usually these are handled in the same manner as for nonIndians of the vicinity.

(d) Crime is being handled by the local authorities, with the assistance of the FBI when requested. Prosecution when appropriate is handled by the Department of Justice.

(e) There are no religious groups of these three tracts. However, there is one church adjacent to the Bishop tract and there are several others near all three tracts. A majority of the Indians in Owens Valley are Presbyterian, but only a small percentage attend church regularly.

(f) These bands have no code of law and order.

8. Reports and documents

(a) Tribal documents may be found in the places listed on forms (accompanying questionnaire). All records pertaining to the three tracts are kept at the office of the trustees in the Bishop Indian community hall.

(b) Minutes of all meetings are recorded by the clerk. Also, any other official precedings are recorded.

(c) The only major deficiency and need, relative to records, for these three tracts, in the opinion of the clerk, is an up-to-date census roll.

(d) The tribal organization does not keep records of births and marriages. There still are some Indian custom marriages among these bands. The only record by Bureau of Indian Affairs of California Indian births and deaths, other than those occurring in the two remaining hospitals maintained by the Indian Bureau in California, has been compiled in connection with the preparation and revision of the Roll of California Indians; 1950 enrollment, 45 Stat. 602 as amended; 25 U.S.C. 651 et seq.

11. The following list of resolutions were submitted by the tribal organization for the Area Director's approval since June 30, 1951, and the action taken, as indicated:

(1) Resolution dated February 28, 1952. Be it resolved to authorize the Area Director of the Sacramento area office to pay the United States the sum