Indians is Mexicanized Spanish. It will be the common tongue of Indians and non-Indians of this part of the country for many years. Most of the neighbors of the Indians are Mexicans who are designated by the diplomatic politicians as non-Indians. They fraternize with the Pueblos, and there is considerable intermarriage between the two classes which, as a rule, live together amicably. Occasionally, there is trouble between them over irrigation water, for when in need the Mexicans have the habit of diverting Indian water into their own ditches under cover of the night.

Each pueblo village has its own local government organization embodied in its governor and council and which exercises executive, legislative, and judicial functions within the pueblo. The Indian Service superintendent generally transacts all business concerning the pueblo through its governor.

These Indians are self-supporting; necessity and the entire absence of per capita payments from tribal funds or returns from leases, oil, and other resources, compel them to get their living by their own efforts. As is well known the Pueblos hold their lands under grants made by the Spanish Crown which were successively confirmed by Mexico and the United States. Additional areas have been added to some of the original grants. All land is held in common and every Indian is given a tract of land for a farm by the governor, and this he claims as his own.

As a result of his study of the Pueblos and their affairs, Commissioner McDowell submitted the following conclusions and recommendations.

The best service the Commissioner of Indian Affairs can render at this time to these Indians is to give encouraging support to the hopeful economic program which their representatives in the Pueblo country are zealously endeavoring to carry out.

This program, in brief, seeks to bring these Indians to a better appreciation of the value of their unused grazing and farming lands, so that greater returns from them will result in such betterments in the physical, social, and economic conditions that they will more nearly approximate what they ought to be. The resources are there; they need only to be better developed by the Indians themselves to place this group in an enviable position among their neighbors.

It appears that conditions now offer stronger hope that these Indians will take more interest in their industrial affairs than has been the case in the past. The Pueblo Lands Board already has awarded nearly a quarter of a million dollars to 12 of the pueblos in compensation for lost land. Perhaps as much will be awarded the other five. This money can only be used for community purposes; it can not be distributed as a per capita payment. Therefore, it is available, among other things, for fencing grazing lands. Heretofore, the Indians have said they could not fence their lands because they had no money. These unfenced areas are used by non-Indians who thus are profiting at the expense of the landowners. Most of the Pueblos have acquiesced in the recommendation that the lands board award shall be used for fencing their ranges.

The six pueblos within the Middle Rio Grande conservancy district have the promise, not only of a continuous supply of irrigation water but, also, that their drainage of their water-logged lands will add many acres to their farming and gardening areas. It has been estimated that the improvements which will result from the operations of the conservancy district project will increase the value of the lands of these six pueblos a million dollars.

The transient automobile tourists, and the many eastern people who are building homes in the vicinity of the northern pueblos, the erection of more hotels, and the increasing number of "dude" ranches in that district are developing a condition of local prosperity never before known here. At the same time they are exercising an influence upon the Indians which as yet is undetermined, but which undoubtedly will bring about changes in their pueblo life that probably will make it easier to induce them to become more ambitious in an industrial way.

These are some of the elements which are working out a situation that should be favorable to the endeavors of the Indian Service organization in the Pueblo country to help the Indians to help themselves in forwarding their own interests. Successful results from this program are looked for.

These Indians have been well supplied by the Government with schools and hospitals. When the day school is built at Sandia no more schools will be needed, it is believed. The new school and agency hospitals at Santa Fe and Albuquerque give these Indians 160 beds. No other group of Indians is known to have better hospital facilities. The tuberculosis and trachoma situations here are not so acute as in some other Indian sections, but those diseases are

too prevalent. In view of the fact that tens of thousands of strangers are passing through this country every year, meeting trachomatous Indians, the trachoma situation here is taking on an aspect of public health importance. There is cause for apprehension that the auto tourists may spread trachoma; may even take it back east with them.

The Indian Office should stand back of the economic program now in effect for these Indians giving the responsible Indian Service representatives in the Pueblo country substantial encouragement in the form of funds and personnel. A commission should be named to study the problem of law enforcement in the two pueblo jurisdictions as recommended by the survey party of the Institute for Government Research.

The irrigation division of the Bureau of Indian Affairs should be directed to make a complete study with a report and recommendations of the stock, irrigation, and domestic water supply of the Acoma and Laguna pueblos.

The desires of the Laguna, Sia, and Santa Ana Indians for more and better grazing lands should be considered promptly with the purpose of securing lands or grazing permits in accessible national forests.

The deplorable situations of the Picuris and Sandia pueblos should be given special consideration with the purpose of rehabilitating and regenerating those communities.

The Commissioner of Indian Affairs should take notice of the mischievous influence which is being exercised by the report that the Government is contemplating drastic action to take away from these Indians their pueblo governments and to force them to discontinue their religious dances and ceremonials. The economic betterment of the Pueblo Indians rests largely in their own hands. The Indian Service can show them the way. If they refuse to take the new road, if they permit their internal squabbles to interfere with their progress, if they continue to hold the theory that they are a peculiar people and therefore should be dealt with in a peculiar way only agreeable to themselves, then the time will come when the Government can do nothing else than to take from them its protective and helpful supervision and turn them loose to work out their own destiny in their own way.

NEAH BAY AGENCY, WASH.

Assistant Secretary HENDERSON

To obtain information for the board, Mr. Henderson, assistant secretary, visited the Neah Bay Indian Agency. This is the agency for the Makah and Quileute Indians, located at the extreme northwestern corner of the State of Washington at the point where the Strait of Juan de Fuca joins the Pacific Ocean An area of 23,040 acres at this outer point of the Olympic Peninsula is the reservation of the Makah Tribe, and a tract of 837 acres at the mouth of the Quileute River, about 35 miles to the southward along the seacoast, is the reservation home of the small Quileute Tribe. Some 7 miles below the Makah reserve on the Pacific is the tiny Ozette Reservation, and another little Indian area about 15 miles south of Quileute is known as the Hoh reserve, both attached to the Neah Bay superintendency.

The northwestern coast of Washington is rough, heavily timbered country with a moderate climate tempered by winds from the Pacific. The annual precipitation at Neah Bay averages nearly 100 inches; there are but few clear days during the year, and in the winter months there is an unbroken stretch of rain, clouds, and fog. The dense forests of the region grow rapidly and the various species of evergreens attain great size. The only treeless areas in the country are high among the rocks on the larger mountains or along the swampy prairies bordering the rivers.

Fish have always abounded in the waters of this coast. Salmon run up all the streams to spawn, are caught in great quantities in the open waters of the ocean, and are packed and shipped to all parts of the world. Halibut and other fish are also caught and seal appear off the coast in certain seasons.

The Makahs are distinctly a marine people. Their generations of life on the water have developed them into a race of short, stocky people with broad shoulders and powerful arms. One who meets them can not but note their decided Asiatic cast of features, particularly in the case of the older men. These Indians have been known as the most daring, independent, and hardy tribesmen inhabiting the western coast. In large wooden canoes they formerly put to sea after seal and whale, sometimes venturing off shore as far as 50

miles on trips that lasted several days. The location of their home, with the abundance of marine life near by, has enabled the tribe to support itself as well or better than any other Indian group west of the Cascade Mountains.

The original reserve set aside for the Makahs in 1855 was a small tract extending back from Cape Flattery to Neah Bay, but this was subsequently enlarged to include two small streams which flow westward into the Pacific. The only cleared land in all this area is along these two rivers. Practically all the reservation life centers at Neah Bay village where a collection of houses serves a population of about 400 individuals. The Makah homes vary from small two or three room unpainted houses to commodious structures of two stories with six or seven rooms. The newer buildings constructed by the Indians are of the modern bungalow type.

These Indians have never been an agricultural people. They have always maintained themselves on products of the water. Agriculture, with its limitations in this region, can never be but a side line; fishing is the real means of livelihood. The Indians' fishing season usually runs from February to the 1st of October. Salmon are trolled for in the open waters near their home and halibut are taken on long set lines. In the fall after the regular season is over salmon are caught in nets as they come up the streams on the reservation. This catch is smoked over slow-burning fires and is stored away for family use. The Makahs are very much exercised over their right to kill fur seals and want the Government to remove all restrictions now being imposed upon them. Under the provisions of the fur-seal convention of 1911 the Indians of the coast can only kill seal with weapons from boats not propelled by engines. Traveling out to sea in open canoes is dangerous and the Indians want the right to go sealing in modern motor boats.

The timber on the reservation was sold in 1924 and is now being cut and shipped away to pulp mills up the strait to the east. The timber was estimated to be worth $715.000 in 1928. A few Indians engage in timber cutting part of the year but most of the work is carried on by white lumbermen.

The Makahs do not wander far from their reservation home. Some years ago a part of the band made trips to the hop fields south of Seattle where they spent all their earnings having a good time. The men have considerable mechanical ability and prove to be good hands on steamers plying neighboring waters. They are primarily fishermen, however, and their occupation can be carried on to best advantage near where they live. The women are skilled in the manufacture of grass baskets which bring them a yearly revenue of about $3,000.

The small Quileute Tribe attached to the Neah Bay Agency numbers somewhat over 200 and lives at the village of La Push at the mouth of the Quileute River on the Pacific, about 35 miles south of Cape Flattery. This is a rather difficult place to reach from Neah Bay and requires a journey of 140 miles, part by boat.

The Quileutes are fishermen like the Makahs and have a small reserve of 837 acres in extent, which is mostly covered with trees and is of little use for agriculture. The Quileute village is in a picturesque site. Thick woods of evergreen line these shores for miles and great pinnacles of rock formations can be seen scattered up and down this wild strip of coast. The region has many attractions for summer tourists who come to a small bungalow camp which has been erected on a tract a short distance along the beach from the Indian village. The dwellings of the Quileutes are small wooden structures lined along the several streets of the village and some of them are very good homes, having been built with moneys obtained from sales of timber on the Quinault Reservation to the south, where all of this band has received allotments.

The chief activity of this place centers on the Quileute River, where many boats of both whites and Indians are anchored during the fishing season. The mouth of this river is one of the few harbors for small boats on this coast and a portion of the fishing fleet makes this its headquarters in the summer months. The Indians complain that officers of a port commission have been improving the mouth of this stream for navigation and have pulled up their fishing stakes and have otherwise interfered with their fishing operations. The mouth of the river is within the reservation and the Indians contend that the State officers have no authority to carry on any work at that point in the river, it all being Indian property and subject to Federal jurisdiction only. They also want a new water system and a resurvey of the reservation made.

TAHOLAH AGENCY, WASH.

Assistant Secretary HENDERSON

The Taholah Indian Agency, with headquarters at Hoquiam, Wash., was visited by Mr. Henderson in November, 1928. Under the jurisdiction of this agency are the Quinault, Skokomish, Squaxin Island, Nisqually, Chehalis, and Shoalwater reservations and a population of scattered Indians in the counties of Thurston, Pacific, Lewis, Wahkiakum, and Cowlitz, southwestern Washington. There are about 2,800 individuals of Indian blood accredited to this agency, residents of that part of western Washington extending from the valley of the Nisqually River to the Pacific and south to the Columbia. These are the remnants of a number of tribes or bands who formerly inhabited this region in small detached groups, separated by great stretches of dense forests. These Indians are the fishing tribes of the coast-the people who lived chiefly by catching salmon along the inland waters at the south end of Puget Sound-and the river tribes who subsisted by the combined pursuits of hunting and fishing. Split up by many rivers, much hilly country, and large forested areas this territory confined Indian life to restricted localities and prevented the development of large unified tribes controlled by powerful chiefs such as were found to the east of the mountains.

The Quinault Reservation located on the Pacific to the north of Grays Harbor is the largest and most important unit of this agency. The large stand of timber on this area, valued at over $10,000,000, is now being cut off. Over 900 allotments have been made on this reserve and 550 additional ones are now awaiting approval. Besides the Quinault Tribe, the Queets, Quileutes, and small affiliated bands residing in the districts adjacent to Grays Harbor have been given allotments here.

Timber operations at Quinault, under contract, have been carried on for a number of years. The first units opened up were south of the Quinault River, but cuttings are now being made to the north of that stream. Recent prices obtained have been very good, one unit near Quinault Lake being sold at $5 a thousand for the most valuable trees. Large bank accounts have been built up for many Indians whose lands have been cut off. The average of about 30 of the best individual tracts, taken at random shows that timber receipts have amounted to $19,000 each. Much of the work of the agency superintendent is that of handling timber moneys, authorizing expenditures to be made by Indians according to their needs for building new homes, purchasing household equipment and automobiles, and granting monthly allowances for living expenses when they are unable to work

Fishing for salmon on the Quinault River is a very profitable industry for the Indians residing at the village of Taholah. Salmon are caught in the lower end of the river by nets when the fish come up to spawn. One species, the Quinault salmon, is one of the highest priced fish of the coast. The income from salmon fishing has financed the construction of some good cottages at Taholah and has made possible the purchase of automobiles and good household equipment.

The Indians accredited to the Quinault Reservation are a confederation of tribes whose members vary considerably in degree of civilization. The figures for 1928 gives this population as 1,022. The Quinaults proper are only a small part of the total and many of these are the Taholah villagers. These people have dropped many of their old Indian habits and are leading quite a modern existence, the resources of their reservation being sufficient to enable them to acquire most of the conveniences considered essential by the white man. They still cling to their Shaker religion, but have about forgotten the old native dances and have even forsaken the strictly fish diet and now patronize the grocer and butcher. They now use the white man's bed, his automobile and radio. Social and moral improvement, much more than economic progress, are the subjects still demanding attention among the Quinaults.

The Skokomish Reservation near the upper end of the Hood Canal is a small area which serves as the home of a band of Indians of the same name with a population of about 175. Most of this reserve is grown up to small timber and brush, and very little acreage is now under cultivation. The livelihood of most of these people is gained by lumbering and miscellaneous work for the whites away from the reservation. The Indians who reside permanently on

the reserve have gardens and keep a few cows and chickens. The Skokomish children attend a public school operated on the Indian reservation.

The Squaxin Island Reservation is the home site of about 50 Indians of the Squaxin Island band. This island reservation is an unproductive tract of about 1,500 acres located about 12 miles north of Olympia. The Indians are very poor and leave the reservation for work in the hop fields, orchards, and farms of the region. A few gather clams and catch a few fish near their home. All the children of this band must attend nonreservation boarding schools, as there are no facilities for instruction at their own reserve.

The Nisqually Reservation is located to the east of Olympia and is the home of a mere remnant of the Nisqually Tribe. About 70 per cent of the reserve was sold for the enlargement of the grounds of Camp Lewis during the late war. The few families now resident on the diminished reservation are mostly poor, and the possibilities of making a fair living on their own lands are not great. Many of the able-bodied people go away for work during certain seasons of the year.

The Chehalis Reservation for part of the tribe of that name lies along the Chehalis River and about 40 miles eastward from Grays Harbor. This reserve is really a collection of homesteads, originally 36 in number, which covered an area of 3,754 acres, which has an area at the present time of about 1,400 acres. Chehalis Valley is good farm country, and the whites are successful farmers. The Indians make their living by general farming and occasional land sales, and have an opportunity for considerable prosperity if they would work steadily and cultivate a high per cent of their land. The Shoalwater Reservation on Willapa Bay is small and of little consequence.

Except for enrollment and timber matters at Quinault, most of the Indians of the agency have little connection with the operations of the Indian Bureau. The resources of the smaller reservations are about exhausted, and the Indians are now beginning to make their own way the same as the white man. Nevertheless, more attention should be given to the improvement of housing conditions, and doctors and nurses are needed to look after the health situation, now very much neglected.

TULALIP AGENCY, WASH.

Assistant Secretary HENDERSON

The Tulalip Indian Agency in Washington was visited by Mr. Henderson in November, 1928. This superintendency has nominal supervision over the affairs of 3,400 Indian people living in a large territory extending from the Canadian line southward to the city of Tacoma and from the Cascade Mountains westward to the Olympic Peninsula, in northwestern Washington.

Some of the better-known tribes of the section are the Snohomish, Lummi, Nooksack, Skagit, Clallam, Puyallup, and Muckleshoot. In the early days most of the subsistence of these people was obtained from the water, and this, be cause of its productiveness, was of greater intrinsic value to the Indian than the densely forested land areas with their limited resources for supplying the needs of a primitive mode of life. The abundance of salmon, shellfish, and waterfowl made life rather easy for these tribesmen. The aboriginal settlements were along the shores of the sound and its branches or near the lower stretches of the principal rivers. Because of the topography of the country, broken up by the many waterways and great wooded districts, the Indians lived in small detached bands of only a few hundred members. The primitive means of communication were limited almost entirely to the use of skillfully constructed canoes hollowed from great cedar logs.

Great changes have occurred in the life of these Indians since the Government began its work among them 70 years ago. The supply of fish, which once seemed limitless, has declined greatly, and the Indians' fishing activities also have been restricted by the State's conservation laws; the valuable timber on the Indian reserves has been cut away and the proceeds spent; agricultural development on the Indian lands, except for a few districts, has been hampered because of thin soil and the enormous labor required to prepare the cutover forest areas for the plow. Because of these circumstances many of the Indian people are beginning to turn from the reservations to engage in the work of the whites, a situation indicative of their eventual absorption into the various industries of the State.

The reservations of the agency are Tulalip, Swinomish, Lummi, Port Madison, Muckleshoot, and Puyallup. The Indians of the Nooksack, Skagit, and