prieties arise from (i) Confusion of words of allied meaning, e.g.:

The transitive verb lay, laid, laid with the intransitive verb lie, lay, lain.

The transitive verb set, set, set with the intransitive verb sit, sat sat. The transitive verb raise, raised, raised with the intransitive verb rise, rose, risen.

The auxiliaries shall and will.

NOTE. Shall denotes futurity with obligation; will denotes futurity with intention, will. To denote mere futurity shall is used with the first person, will with the second and third:

I shall go even if I do not wish to go. Shall I go, or shall I stay?

He will I am sure. Will he go,

go,

He shall go, I will make him.

do you think?

We shall go at ten o'clock. Shall you go earlier?

swer, I shall or shall not.)

(Anticipating the an

We will go and you shall not stop us. Will you let us? (Anticipating the answer, We will or will not.)

The same usage applies to conditional sentences:

When the idea of will is expressed by like or be glad, etc., the use of will in the first person is unnecessary:

I should like to go (=I would go) if I knew who were going.

Or (ii) confusion of words, because of some resemblance in form or sound, with words of different meaning; e.g.:

Affect for effect; avocation for vocation; convict for convince; enormity for enormousness; observance for observation; negligence for neglect; expatiate for expiate; haply for happily; militate for mitigate.

Or (iii) confusion of synonyms that is, the use of words having some resemblance of meaning instead of the exact word required.

Do not use party for man; individual for man; citizen for man; gentleman for man; lady for woman; female for woman; balance

(except in accounts) for rest or remainder; section for district; locate for live or settle; allude for refer; transpire for happen; aggravate for provoke; calculate, or reckon, or guess, for think or suppose; learn for teach; expect for suppose; endorse an opinion for approve; healthy (of food) for wholesome; likely for liable; posted for informed; mutual for common; less (with numbers) for fewer; quite . . for a fair

a

EXERCISE I. Discuss the necessary corrections in the following:-(1) Nothing can prevent so great calamities as a tranquil mind. (2) People who think like you do are few. (3) He pled earnestly to be allowed to return the purse. (4) The armed men were obliged to be taken on board. (5) How distinctly does it recur to me, but I presume, more so to the hero, of an experience related to me some time ago.

(6) It makes

us kind of tired to hear him talk. (7) One result of my reading was my undertaking a trip in search of some beautiful scene which books told me that the wide world possessed. (8) Will you go to town at three or at four o'clock? (9) I will go as soon as you are ready. (10) I will not go without it clears off.

2. Discuss the necessary corrections in the following:—(1) The river has overflown its banks. (2) You have mistook your man. (3) Lay down and rest. (4) Raise up and look about you. (5) We laid down when we see him safe in camp. (6) The town is lain out with great regularity. (7) The sun had arose while we laid in bed. (8) Was you willing to walk such a distance before the weather was through raining? (9) The easiest thing of the two is to tell your father. (10) "Waverley" is one of the novels that never tires

one in re-reading. (11) The heat of passion as well as the indolence of indifference are to be avoided. (12) He injured instead of helped his cause. (13) You look pleasantly to-day. (14) Flowers smell sweetly. (15) This book is as good if not better than that.

IV. Composition.-Describe the inauguration of Washington or Lincoln.

CHAPTER IX.-BIOGRAPHY.

LESSON XL.

I. Memorize:-FROM "VERSES UPON HIS DIVINE

POESY."

The soul's dark cottage, batter'd and decay'd

Lets in new light through chinks that Time hath made :
Stronger by weakness, wiser men become

As they draw near to their eternal home.

Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view
That stand upon the threshold of the new.

-Edmund Waller.

II. Theme:-JEANNE D'ARC, THE MAID OF Orleans.1 Jeanne d'Arc was born in 1412, in the little village of Domrémy near the borders of Lorraine. She was the child of poor peasants, and from childhood she was kept busy tending the sheep. She spent many a dreamy day with her flocks, and in the evening she would creep to the fireside and listen to the tales told her of fairies and elves, and the legends of the Virgin and the saints. When she was thirteen years old she began to have visions herself, voices whispered in her ears, bright lights flashed before her eyes, and she seemed

1 REFERENCE FOR READING. T. De Quincey, "Joan of Arc," in Miscellaneous Essays.

to see the figure of St. Michael, the warrior archangel. When she was eighteen the celestial voices became plainer, and seemed to her to bid her go and deliver France from the rule of the English.

The voices bade her go to Charles the Dauphin and promise him she would lead him to Orleans and to Rheims, and there see him crowned King of France. Slowly and in the face of continual opposition she succeeded in gaining an interview with Charles. When she came before him, he was standing undistinguished among the gentlemen of his court, but the simple girl knew him at once, and told him of her voices and of her mission. He believed in her, and placed his troops at her command. She rode at their head, a noble figure, clad all in armor, her consecrated banner in her hand, and by her side a consecrated sword found, as the voices had told her, buried in the old church of St. Catharine of Fierbois.

Leading ten thousand men-at-arms, she advanced to the relief of Orleans, which the English were besieging. She inspired her soldiers with her own enthusiasm, and they fought like heroes. In several engagements she displayed real generalship, and the English troops, infected by superstition, thought her a witch and fled when she appeared. The siege was raised and the French entered the city in triumph. Jeanne had her wish, and saw Charles crowned in Rheims, as all the kings of France had been before him.

Her work done, Jeanne wanted to return to Domrémy and her sheep. Her mission was accomplished, she said, and the voices would no longer guide her. But