desirable for the Army Air Force to purchase part and the Navy, part. The CHAIRMAN. But under S. 758, the Munitions Board would have control and could designate.

Mr. KENNEY. The Munitions Board would have that specific authority under 758.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you.

Senator ROBERTSON. Where do the Joint Chiefs of Staff Army-Navy Petroleum Board come in in that?

Mr. KENNEY. I would assume that if this bill becomes law, the Petroleum Board would probably be transferred and placed under the jurisdiction of the Munitions Board. As a matter of fact, at the present time the Petroleum Board acts in very close conjunction with the Munitions Board. The Chairman of the Petroleum Board, Admiral Horne, in fact reports to me, and the senior Army officer on the Board, I believe, reports to Under Secretary Royall.

Senator ROBERTSON. Great headway has been made, anyway, in solving that problem?

Mr. KENNEY. Yes, sir. I have listed here a number of illustrations of what has been accomplished in this field. I will not attempt to read all of them, other than to point out that they are illustrative of the thing that has been done and the things that can be done in the future.

Senator ROBERTSON. They will all be put in the record, will they not?

The CHAIRMAN. The entire statement of Secretary Kenney in its original form will appear in the record with interpolations of the questioning back and forth here.

Senator ROBERTSON. I think that is most important.

Mr. KENNEY. The common use of facilities presents another area for possible economies. This is primarily This is primarily a problem of the proper utilization of facilities by all the services and here the inquiry should first be as to the need for the facilities. The existence of similar or so-called duplicate facilities in another service does not in and of itself indicate waste or improper planning. The existence of three hospitals on Espiritu Santo, two Army and one Navy, has frequently been cited as an example of duplication and waste. After estimating possible casualties, the commander of the South Pacific area had ordered the construction of all three hospitals. The casualties did not occur—for which we are thankful-but the preparations were not wasteful even though circumstances obviated the need for them.

In our analysis of this field, care should be taken not to divorce from a military command a facility which may be essential to the function of command. A military command has certain responsibilities and should retain that which is necessary for the performance of those responsibilities. Much has already been accomplished in this field of utilization of facilities as a result of the work of such agencies as the Aeronautical Board, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Research and Development Board, and the Army and Navy Munitions Board. Each case must be analyzed and solved on its own merits. The following are illustrative of accomplishment in this field:

(a) The Army-Navy Air Facilities Committee, formed to facilitate the exchange of facilities, has arranged for the exchanges of

complete airfields and joint use of fields. The Navy has taken over 15 or 20 air stations from the Army and has in turn released 2 to the Army and their operation. Eighteen airfields are used jointly and six primary gunnery and bombing ranges are in joint use.

(b) All explosive shipments in the Pacific will be handled through naval ammunition installations which permit deactivation of Army facilities.

(c) There is joint use of the military installations on Johnston Island, Kwajalein, Guam, Okinawa, Alaska, and other areas in the Pacific. This joint use of facilities is not a new development. As an illustration-the Army B-29 that took off from Tinian with the atomic bomb for Hiroshima took off from a field constructed by Navy Seabees and was fueled with gasoline purchased and transported to the Pacific by the Navy. The Army and Navy personnel who manned the plane were fed by food purchased by the Army and transported to the Pacific by the Navy. The bomb was transported to Tinian on a naval vessel, loaded on the plane by Army personnel, armed in flight by a naval officer and released by an Army officer.

Senator ROBERTSON. Well, how could S. 758 do any better than that?

The CHAIRMAN. It is the results that count, Senator Robertson. Senator ROBERTSON. Well, I think the results were very effective on Hiroshima.

The CHAIRMAN. S. 758 deals with organization and does not deal with operations in the field.

Senator ROBERTSON. I humbly suggest, Mr. Chairman, that the organization in that paragraph which the distinguished Secretary has just read is about as fine a sample of organization and coordination as I have ever heard of in my life.

The CHAIRMAN. May the chairman state that in his opinion S. 758 will preserve that kind of organization so that we can anticipate this kind of cooperation in the future.

Senator SALTONSTALL. In peacetime.

The CHAIRMAN. In peacetime and wartime too.

Senator ROBERTSON. I really cannot subscribe to the thought which emphasized here that all this wonderful coordination and cooperation that is taking place is going to disintegrated right away. Rather, I am satisfied that it is going to increase at every possible point. The common sense of the people operating the Army and Navy and the Congress will see that it does.

The CHAIRMAN. And this is the first step in seeing that it does, in the chairman's opinion.

Senator ROBERTSON. Well, the first step is there, and it is going ahead, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. KENNEY. I would like to feel that S. 758 assures the continuation of this and does not leave it to happenstance.

Senator ROBERTSON. I do not know that I can agree with you that it does.

Mr. KENNEY. We can put that in the category of a difference of opinion, Senator.

Senator SALTENSTALL. Mr. Chairman, I do not want to continue this very interesting discussion too long, but I would just ask Mr. Kenney this question:

The description of joint use of facilities that you have just mentioned on this atom bomb dropping on Hiroshima was all done under the strictest secrecy and under the terrifically powerful authorization given to the Manhattan project, was it not; in which a very few Army officers and a very few Naval officers had any knowledge. Therefore, they had to combine all their facilities with the people that actually knew the project. So that, as I say with a smile to Senator Robertson, there was a terrific whip at the top of all that, that made that cooperation possible.

Mr. KENNEY. May I say this, Senator Saltenstall: With all due deference to the grand job done by the Manhattan project, it had nothing to do with respect to the construction of the field by the Seabees, it had nothing to do with respect to the purchase of gasoline by the Navy or the purchase of food by the Army or the transportation by the naval ships which took it out there. So there was a lot more that went into the picture than the direction and authority of the Manhattan project.

Senator ROBERTSON. As a matter of fact, Mr. Secretary, from the moment the Navy loaded this bomb on its ship to take it out to Tinian, the Manhattan project was practically out of it, was it not, with the exception perhaps of setting the bomb?

Mr. KENNEY. People from the Manhattan project went out with the bomb and were on Tinian, and some of them were in the plane which flew the bomb.

Senator ROBERTSON. Oh, unquestionably. But there is no reason to think that that would have in any way altered the course of the cooperation between the Army and Navy and the Air Forces, as shown in (c) on page 8.

Mr. KENNEY. Well, the same thing was true with respect to the other bombs that were dropped by the Army Air Forces from this field and other fields in the Pacific.

Senator ROBERTSON. Surely.

Mr. KENNEY (resuming statement) :

(d) The Army proving ground at White Sands, N. Mex., collaborates with the Navy in the utilization of specialized techniques, such as the telemetering of missiles developed by the Navy. Eventually the personnel will be equally divided between Army and Navy. (e) The naval air missiles test center at Point Mugu, Calif., which is used to test guided missiles, rockets, and pilotless aircraft, is available for use by both the Army and Navy.

(f) Navy Ordnance unit at Newtown Neck, Md., are being disestablished and the activities are being transferred to the Army testing station at Aberdeen, Md.

(g) The Army furnished all naval chemical warfare materials, and trains naval personnel in its Chemical Warfare Schools.

(h) The school for the disposal of bombs, mines, and similar missiles is run by the Navy at Indian Head, Md., for both services.

(2) The Army arsenals at Frankford and Rock Island are manufacturing large ordnance parts for the Navy.

(j) The Army arsenal at Pickatinny, N. J., renders various services for the Navy installation at Lake Denmark to preclude duplication. (k) The Army tests all Navy flares, illuminating projectiles, and the Navy tests Army 75-millimeter projectiles, 40 millimeter cartridges, and Air Force rockets.

(7) Army engineers are undertaking construction work for the Navy at Sangly Point in the Philippines and the Navy is performing some construction work for the Army in Alaska.

(m) The Navy is making pier space available at Oakland so that the Army may give up certain leased piers in San Francisco.

(n) The Army has made a deep-water berth available to the Navy in New Orleans for a floating drydock; the Navy is in turn making berths available as are required by the Army, thereby obviating the leasing by the Navy of deep water space.

(0) Steps are in hand to reopen Navy cold-storage space at Cheatham Annex, Norfolk, at the request of the Army. Joint use of the Army's in-transit depots at Auburn, Wash; Lathrop, Calif.; and Yermo, Calif., was expected during the war; the combined total of space at the three depots was 3,000,000 square feet. Since the war the Army has transferred the Yermo facility to the Navy as a subcommand of the Marine Corps Depot at Barstow, Calif.

(p) Many Naval patients are in Army hospitals and many Army patients are cared for in Naval Advance Base Hospitals. In fact, an agreement has been reached whereby a bed in any governmental hospital is available to any governmental patient.

(q) A joint radio circuit exists between Washington and Rio de

Janeiro.

(r) The Navy trains Army personnel for multichannel radio teletype equipment.

(s) Messages are transferred between many communication centers for delivery to points served only by one service. Common use is made of Army telephone circuits in some overeas areas.

This represents a brief description of some of the areas where there has been common use of facilities. Studies are going forward for increasing the field of common use and particular attention is being directed to the following types of facilities:

(a) Harbor and port facilities at New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and New Orleans.

(b) Communications.

(c) Medical facilities.

(d) Transportation.

(e) Service facilities, such as laundries, commissaries, and bakeries. (f) Post exchange stores and ships' service stores.

(g) Recruiting.

(h) Supply depots. (i) Supply centers. (1) Cost inspection.

(k) Material inspection.

(7) Audit and accounting.

I would like now to discuss the functions of the Munitions Board and the Resources Board and their relationship to each other.

These Boards have a close and intimate relationship to each other. In fact, they can be said to be complementary.

The Munitions Board is a part of the operating staff of the Secretary of National Defense and is to that extent a military organization. The Resources Board is advisory to the President and in time of peace

would be essentially a staff organization of the President for planning. It should provide the blueprint for the wartime organization for the performance of the functions which were vested in the last war in the War Production Board, the Petroleum Administration for War, the War Foods Administration, the Office of Price Administration, the War Manpower Commission, the Office of Defense Transportation and the War Shipping Administration. The Resources Board has authority to lay down broad programs and policies for the stockpiling of strategic material and for industrial mobilization and should maintain a current balance sheet of our natural and production resources. The importance of both these to a military establishment should not be underestimated. The existence of a sound and practical plan for industrial mobilization assures the availability with a minimum of delay of productive capacity to supply the essential weapons of war.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Secretary, you believe that as a result of our setting up these permanent boards in peacetime, in a future emergency, if one should occur, we would at the start have a well thought-out plan, as contrasted to the hit-and-miss program that we had at the start of this last war.

Mr. KENNEY. The framework of an organization will have been established, and I hope the personnel to carry it into effect also.

We had an industrial mobilization plan at the start of this last war. It was a good plan. It was not put into effect, for the reason that it was labeled primarily a military plan. It failed to bring into its consideration the other aspects of American life.

The CHAIRMAN. Industrial planning, supplies, raw materials, minerals, and everything else?

Mr. KENNEY. That is right.

If you will look at the make-up of this Board, you will see that it brings into play all of the different segments of government, and has the facility for integrating any industrial mobilization plan into the economy of the nation.

The CHAIRMAN. It is definitely set forth in the bill that these boards are responsible for setting up a plan that will work, and will use the lessons that we learned in this last war; is that right?

Mr. KENNEY. That is correct, Mr. Chairman. And I do not think very many people realize the importance of industrial mobilization. Because notwithstanding the great efforts that were made by American industry in the past war, it took us almost 4 years to reach the zenith of our productive capacity, and I think I can state without fear of contradiction that lives and money could have been saved if that productive capacity could have been reached at an earlier date.

Of equal importance is the existence of a balance sheet of resources. Many of our mineral resources rapidly are reaching the point of exhaustion. Of our total imports, 73 percent and 55 percent thereof respectively represent necessities and raw materials.

It takes 14 pounds of manganese for every ton of steel, and there are only two major producing sources of manganese; Russia and the Calcutta section of India. And very few people of this country realize the dependency that we have on our imports.

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