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buildings, each crowned with three domes of white marble, one a mofque, the other a refting-place for any great. perfonage who came hither: on this freeftone bafe is another of white marble, fquare, the angles octagon, with minarets, having three galleries round them; from this laft bafe rifes the body of the building, which is octagonal, and in the centre of the four fides an arched gate. The Emperor intended a fimilar maufoleum for himself, on the oppofite fide of the river, to be joined by a marble bridge; but fickness and family unhappinefs fruftrated his intention. The Taje Mahel has fill endowment fufficient left to keep it up, and is attended at prayertime by feveral Mollahs. The body lies in a farcophagus in the centre, and close to it her husband, in a fimilar one, both perfectly like that of Acbar.

At Futtypoor Suri Acbar built a beautiful mofque, a convent for dervifes, and a fortified palace, and, on the banks of a fpacious lake, now drained and uncultivated, erected pleasure-houfes, and an inclofure for playing at chongaun, wherein horfemen ftrike the ball with Jarge maces headed with iron. He was led to this by its being the refidence of a holy dervife, Shekh Iclum Chifhtee, whofe pravers he folicited to raise up his family, after having loft feveral fons in their infancy, and fent two of his preg. nant wives to lie-in at his hermitage. He had two fons, the eldeft (Jehanguir) and the Saint is ftill reforted to by pilgrims.

On the top of the highest hill under which Futtypoor Sicri lies is a large mofque, built by the Emperor Acbar, in the higheft ftyle of Moorish architecture. The palace is entirely ruined, and the lake behind it filled up.

Mr. H. being difappointed in his intention of vifiting Delhi, directed his course towards Gwalhior, through a defolate country, ravaged by the hot winds, which, in the middle of the day, raised Fahrenheit's thermometer in the thade to 106. This fort, the Gibraltar of the Eaft, ftands on a perpendicular rock, four miles long, and nearly flat at top, and a chain of leven gates leads to the town, at the foot of the mountain. It was furprized by Major Popham, in 1779, and retaken by its owner afterwards. Mr. H. returned to Lucknow, to recover from his fatigue. Thence he proceeded towards Calcutta, through gionpoor, a large ruined fort, built about 1102, very much in the ftyle of fome of

our oldeft cafles, with the mausoleum of Shaia Jeban, an ufurping vifier. The river Goomty is croffed by a bridge of 16 pointed arches, built in 1567, over which, in a fudden inundation, 10,000 British troops paffed in boats, 1774. At Safferam, the birth-place of the Emperor Shere Shah, is his maufoleum, in the centre of a large lake: his tomb is in the centre, and thofe of his children round him. Mr. H. returned to Calcutta, after a journey of nine months and an half, "through a country which had once been fubject to the Moguls, the greatest and the richeft empire, perhaps, of which the human race can produce an infance, and which was adorned by many really great characters in politicks and in arms." He makes fome pertinent remarks on the ftate of architecture, fculpture, and painting in the amazing monuments of the Mufful.man conquerors, as well as of the antient Hindoos. He intended taking another journey, from the Ganges, thro' the Decan, to the Weft coaft of Indiafrom Benares to Surat, a part of India untrodden by an artist. The whole coaft of Malabar pofleffes picturefque beauty equal to any country of earth; and how valuable would be the reprefentation of that fcenery as a natural object, or as connected with the hiftory of the country and the manners of the people.

We cannot difmifs thefe pleafing and entertaining Travels, which are illuftrated with fourteen engravings, without taking fome notice of Mr. H's Collection of Views in India, drawn on the spot, in the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783, and executed in Aqua-tinta, in imitation of the original Drawings, in one volume folio, Atlas fize, divided into two parts, to which thefe Travels are a proper fupplement. The first part contains a map of the rivers Ganges, Jumta, Goomty, and Gogra, and 24 views, of

Part of Oud.

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Fort of Allahabad.

Part of the city of Benares.

Pagodas at Deagur.

Great Pagoda at Tanjore.
Bridge over Odosanulla.
Part II. 24 views, of
A hill village in Bengal.

The gawt and ravines at Etawa,
Chinfura.

Mongheer fort, and its Eaft gate.
Molque at Gauzipoor.
Infulated rock in the Ganges.
fionpoor fort and bridge.
Part of the ruins at Agra.
Maufoleum at Etmadpoor.
Part of the palace of Sujah ul Dowlah,
at Fyzabad, two views.

Part of the Emperor Acbar's tomb at Secundrii, and other tombs there. The Cutterah, built by Jaffeer Cawn, at Muxadabad.

Firozeabad.
Shekaabad.
Peteter fort.
Benares.

Pafs of Sicri Gulle.

View in the Jungleterry in Bengal. A Hindoo monument. The defcriptions which accompany thefe views are nearly the fame with thofe incorporated into the Travels. A perfon converfant in Gothic and Morifque architecture will difcover great refemblance in the ftyle adopted by the Mogul princes in the two laft centuries. The view of the gate leading to the mofque at Chunar Gur is given as a remarkable instance of the perfect fimilarity between the architecture of India, brought there from Perfia by the defcendants of Timur, and that brought into Europe by the Moors feated in Spain, and which afterwards fpread itfelf through all the Western parts of Europe, known by the name of Gothic Architecture. The general forms of this building, as well as many others in India, are the fame as thofe we fee in Europe. In this all the minuter ornaments are perfectly the fame. The lozenge fquare, filled with roles, the ornaments in the fpandrils of the arches, the little panneling, and their mouldings, correfpond fo much, that a perfon would almoft be led to think that artifts had arrived from the fame school at the fame time, to erect fimilar buildings at the extremity of India and of Europe.

The mofque at Mongbeer, built 1617, in the reign of Shah Jehanguire, fon of Achar, by a foubah of the diftrict, for a maufoleum for himfelf and family, as

well as a mofque, or religious house, might almost be mistaken for a Gothic cathedral with a dome.

"In the flourishing times of the empire, Agra. must have been a place of great beauty, particularly on the banks of the river, ruins of palaces extending many miles on the borders. These palaces of the princes of the empire, and the omrahs, or lords of the court, having courts within courts, fhewing, in their prefent defolated fate, what riches must have been poffeffed by their owners, and the luxury of their lives, remains of fountains and baths, curiously inlaid with different coloured marbles, reprefenting ornaments and frowers, in a beautiful flyle."

The Auguftan age of India, as of Europe, feems to have been in the 16th and 17th centuries, under the reigns of Acbar and his defcendants. The mofque of Rajemahl was railed, as well as the palace there, by Sultan Sujah, third fon of Shah Jehan, and brother of Aurengz b. The musfid, or tomb, built by the Vizir Chau Jehan, an ufurper at Jionpoor, 1393 or 4, four or five years before Tamerlane invaded Hindoftan, has a ftrong resemblance to the malfive Gothic work, a fpacious pointed arch between two towers, the arch filled up with a wall pierced with windows, of which there are four flories in the towers.

109. Indian Antiquities; or, Differtations relating to the antient Geographical Divifions, the pure Syftem of Primeval Theology, the grand Code of Civil Laws, the original Form of Government, and the various and profound Literature of Hindoftan, compared throughout with the Religion, Laws, Government, ami Literature of Perfia, Egypt, and Greece; the Whole intended as introductory to, and illuftrative of, the Hißory of Hindoftan. Vol. I. Part I. containing the Differtations on the Geographical Divifions and the Theology of Hindoftan. By the Rev. Thomas Maurice, curate of Epping, who fome time fince circulated propofals for a general Hiftory of Hindoftan. In the preface to this in troductory work he gives an account of the various Hindoo publications for which we are indebted to our acquifition of Hindoftan. Thele are, the Bhagvat Geeta (fee vol. LV. p. 979), a fyftem of theology and metaphyficks; Mr. Halhed's code of Gentoo laws, that of ju rifprudence; the Heetopades, a collection of fables inculcating morality; Sacontala, a fpecimen of antient drama; the Ayeen Akbary, or hiftory of the reign

of

of Akbar, and the geography and aftronomy of earlier times. The great poem, called the Mabbarat, or Great war of the good and evil Genii, is now tranflating by Mr. Wilkins, who extracted the Baagavat Greta from it; and in it Mr. M. finds a corrupted imitation of the Mofaic hiftory of the beginning of the world. After an attentive perufal of thefe Hindoo writings, and comparison of them with the claffical accounts of India, Mr. M. formed a defign of uniting the hiftory of that country, according both to the Sanferit and claffical wiiters, and prefenting to the readers a comprehenfive view of the wonderful tranfactions performed during the period of near 4000 years on that grand theatre. Sir William Jones, who had been his early friend, "encouraged him to proceed with vigour, and to afpire with ardour," and gave him a few hints for the conduct of the work, which the Court of Directors have alfo muniticently patronized. He foon, however, found that the "ftupendous fyftem of the Brahmin Chronology, extending back through millions of years, the obflinate denial of a general deluge by the Brahmins, the perplexing doctrine of a trinity in the divine nature, for ever occurring in the operations of the grand Indian triad of Deity, Brahma, Veefhnu, and Sceva, a doctrine not to be traced to any immediate connexion with the Jewith nation, yet more confpicuous in India than even in the triple Mithra of Perfia, and the globe, wings, and ferpent, which, according to Kircher, formed the trinity of Egypt, there were among the nume rous, the delicate, and abftrufe topicks, which neither the clerical nor hiftorical functions in which I had engaged would allow of being paffed over in filence."As Mr. M. advanced, he found aftrenomical knowledge to be indifpenfable; for, in fact, the primeval hiftorians of all the antient empires of the world amount to little more than the romantic dreams of aftronomical mythology. He entered more fully into this, in order to refute the "daring affertions of certain fcepti. cal philofophers with refpect to the age of the world;" and he trufts he has "proved that the perfonages who are faid to have flourished fo many thousand years in the earliest ages were of celeftial not terreftrial origin; that their cmpire was the empire of imagination in the fkies, not of real power on this globe of earth; that the day and year of Brahma, and the day and year of Mor

tals, are of a nature widely different; that the whole jargon of the Yngs, or grand periods, and, confequently, all thofe prefumptuous affertions of the Brahmins, relative to the earth's antiquity, have no foundation but in the great folar and lunar cycle, or planetary revolutions; and that Chaldæa, and not India, was the parent country of mankind."-"Whatfoever partial objections may be urged against the fyftem thus adopted by me, I am convinced that it is the only bafis on which anv folid account of antient India can be founded, and every fresh inquiry confirms me in this opinion."" That the artient history of the illuftrious families of Greece, during the poetical ages, might be read in the heavens, was the opinion of the late Mr. Collard, one of the moft profound Oriental aftronomers ever born out of Afia.” The Grecks, though they carried aftronomy to a wonderful height, were not the inventors of it, but learnt it of the Egyptians, who brought the sphere from fome primeval country, inhabited by them before their peregrination to the banks of the Nile; and that primeval country, we are informed from the most facred authority, was Chaluaa."

"Our path, thus cleared through the mazes of antient aftronomical mythology, and the ten dvatars, or defcents of Veefhun, in a human form, which feem to be of a fimilar nature with the ten Sari of Chaldæa, and the ten Sopbe roth of the Hebrews, extenfively explained, the ferious body of claffical hiftory will commence toward the middle of the firft volume, with an account of the fuccessful irruption of the Affyrians, the Perfians, and Grecians, into that beautiful country, the delightful furvey of which has, in every age of the world, awakened the envy, inflamed the jealoufy, and ftimulated the avarice, of neighbouring defpots."

From this detail of his labours Mr. M. diverts to the feries of dilappointments that have attended them. We fhall fave hin the pain of repetition, as we shou'd think ourfelves happy if we could conduce to a change of fcene in his progrefs. Finding the original pan of comprising the vaft mafs of events trapfa&ted during at least 3000 years into the fmall compafs of three octavo volumes, with a concife introductory differtation on the geograph, theology, laws, and cuftoms of the Hinano, prefixed to each volume, for a guinea. impracticable, he determined to write dulinėt differtations on

ibe

the geography, religion, laws, and literature of the Hindoos, illuftrated with engravings. Thefe are, the triple-headed deity in the caverns of Elephanta, a great pagoda from Sonnerat, Cali, or Callee, the fable goddefs, to whom human and other victims were once facrificed by the now humane and tender Hindoos, from Mr. Holwell; the fire worship and temple of the antient Perhans; the folar worship of the Egvptians; the Matfe Avatar, or firft incar nation of Veefhun, half man half fish; the caverns of Elephanta compared with the veftibule of the grand temple of Dandera in Egypt. D'Anville's Map of India is copied and corrected from Major Rennell, and the native map of Hindoftan is added from the Ayeen Akbery.

After an introduction of near 130 pages follows the firft differtation, on the "geographical divifions of Hindof. tan," which is incapable of abridgement. The fecond part of this volume contains another, on the theology of Hindoftan; in which the author examines in what points the religion of the antient Indians refembled that of the Scythians, antient Perfians, and Egyptians. This, of which his own profpectus forms 20 pages, it would alfo exceed our fcanty limits to comprefs. We therefore take leave of Mr. M, with our hearty wishes that the lift of fubfcribers to his larger work may increase in proportion as he fubmits to them thefe feparate differtations, which he promifes in May and June next.

P. 343. 1. 27. r. "Vizir Chaia Jehum."
P. 344. 1. 54. r.
66 compreffing.

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110. The Example of France a Warning to Britons. By A. Young. Efq. F. R. S. "IN attempting to give expreflions inadequate [adequate] to the horror every one muft feel at the horrible events now paffing in France," Mr. Y. is fenfible he may be reproached with changing his politicks, his principles, as it is expreffed. My principles cerrainly have not changed, becaufe, if there is one principle more predominant than another in my politicks, it is the principle of change." This is the principle which actuates Dr. Prifiley, and our modern reformers; but Mr. Y. fays, "I have been too long a farmer to be governed by any thing but events. I have a confitutional abhorrence of theory, of all trust in abûract reafoning, and, conlequently a reliance merely on experience, in other words, on events, the only prin. GENT. MAG. April, 1793.

ciple worthy of an experimentation. Thus founded on fure ground, it shall be my bufinefs, in the enfuing pages, to bring to the reader's notice fome facts proper to explain: 1. the real flate of France; and, 2. the caufes of her evils: and I fhall then apply her example to the landed, moneyed, commercial, and labouring interefts of thefe kingdoms. The facts which will beft explain the prefent ftate of France, concerning government, perfonal liberty, and fecurity of property." Under the head of government Mr, Y. fhews, that the fyftem of anarchy prevails, the freedom of election is violated, the Sections bully the Convention, and the government, formed on the rights of man, has been overturned, and, instead of peace, has produced nothing but confpiracies, and projects of murder and af faffination. Contrary to the opinion of Dr. Prieftley, in his Letter to Mr. Burn, p. 144, that the generality of governments have hitherto been little more than a combination of the few againft the many, it now evidently appears, that' the combination of the many against the fer can alfo deluge a nation in blood, and drain the fources of profperity. As to perfonal fecurity, there is no fuch thing; and where there is no perfonal fecurity, there can be no fecurity of property.

"The old government of France, with all its faults, was certainly the beft enjoyed by any confiderable country in Europe, England alone excepted; but there were many faults in it which every clafs of the people wifhed to remedy. This natural and laudable with made democrats in every order, among the poffeffors of property as well as among thofe who had none. At the commencement of the Revolution, France poíricheft colonies in the world, the greatest felfed a very flourishing commerce, the currency of folid money in Europe. Her agriculture was in proving; and her people,' though from too great population much too numerous for the highest degrees of national profperity, yet were more at their eafe than in many other countries of Europe. The government was regular and mild; and, what was of as much confequence as all the rest, het benignaut Sovereign, with a patriotifm unequaled, was really willing to improve, by any reafonable means, the Confitution of the kingdom. All these circumftances, it compared with England, would

not make the proper impreffion. They are to be compared alone with what has fince enfied, and her prefent ftate may thus with truth be correctly defcribed. Her government an anarchy, that values neither life nor propery. Her agriculture A fiaking; her

farmere

farmers the flaves of all; and her people ftarving Her manufactures annihilated; her commerce deftroyed; and her colonies abfolutely ruined. Her gold and filver difappeared; and her currency-paper fo depreciated, by its enormous amount of 2000 millions, befides incredible forgeries, that it advances with rapid ftrides to the entire stagnation of every fpecies of industry and

circulation.

Her national revenues diminished three-fourths; her cities, fcenes of revolt, of maffacre, of starvation; and her provinces plundered by gangs of banditti: her future profpects of peace and fettlement depending on a Conftitution that is to be formed by a convention of rabble, and fan&tioned by the fans culottes of the kennel. It is not a few infulated crimes on fome undeferving men; it is a feries of horrid profcription, fpreading far and near, pervading every quarter of the kingdom; it is the annihilation of rank, of right, of property; it is the deftruction of the poffeffions of more than half France; it is the legiflation of wolves, that govern only in deftruction: and all thefe maffacres, and plunderings, and burnings, and horrors of every denomination, are fo far from being neceffary for the establifhment of liberty, that they have moft effectually deftroyed it. In one word, France is at prefent abfolutely without government; anarchy reigns; the poniard and the pike of the mob give the law to all that once formed the higher claffes, and to all that at prefent mock with the fhow of legislation. The mob of Paris have been long in the poffeffion of nrivaled power-they will never freely relinquish it. If the Convention prefumes to be free, it will be malfacred; and, after a circle of new horrors, will fink (thould foreign aid fail) into the defpotifm of triumvirs or dictators; the change will be from a Bourbon to a butcher. All former Revolations,' fays Paine (Rights of Man), 'till the American, had been worked within the atmofphere of a court, and never on the great floor of a nation.' Unfortunately for this miferable copy, fhe worked on a floor broad enough; her bafis was the blood and property of France. The picture has no refemblance in the infipid state of hereditary, government; the found in fcenes of horror, and perfection of iniquity what man is up to.' It is eafy to fee what they have loft; as to their gains, they have affignats, cockades, and the mufick of ça ira; it may be truly faid, they have made a wife barter; they have given their gold for paper, their bread for a ribbon, and their blood for a fong, Heaven preferve us from the phrenzy of fuch exchanges, and leave Revolutions for the order of the day,' for the morning of reafon rifing upon 'man in France!" (p. 36—39),. "Such are the confequences of the French Revolution. Our next inquiry is, from what have thefe evils arifen? They may be attributed to three prominent features in the new

.

fyftem of their foi difant philofophers: Perfonal Representation; 2. The Rights of Man; 3. Equality” (p. 39).

Mr. Y. us of opinion, that the horrors that have paffed in France are to be attributed, in a great mealure, to the dot ble reprefentation given to the tiers etat by Mr. Neckar, directly contrary to every other refpectable authority. Hence Mr. Y. takes occation to explode the dreams about perfonal reprefentation :

"There is a party in this kingdom who call loudly for à reform in the representation of the people, and would have fuch reprefentation give a right of election indifcriminately to all mankind. I am myself in the number of those who with a reform, but not of fuch a complexion, nor at a moment like this. I with the middle claffes of landed property better represented. I wish a new member for every county, elected by men who poffefs not less than reol a-year in land, and not more than rcool.; and an equal number of members deducted from the moft objectionable borough. But I would live at Conftantinople rather than at Bradfield, if the wild and prepofterous propofition of the rights of man were to become ef. fective in this kingdom. In other words, I have property, and I do not chufe to live where the first beggar I meet may, with the fabre in one hand and Rights of Man in the other, demand a thare of that which a good Government tells me is my stun. The fact is, the French Conftitution was founded abfolately on perfonal reprefentation. By the letter of the law, certain perfons were excluded; but, by collateral parts of the fame. fyftem, the mob wrs armed, and the authors of the Revolution might not, perhaps, fee the event, that electors made at the point of the bayonet would be at the power of the bayonet. Examine not the letter of a vifionary code but EXPERIMENT, in the hiftory of Paris, Marfeilles, &c. from the first moment of the troubles" (pp. 42, 43.)

"Power in the hands of the prople, by means of perfonal representation, has ruined France. And the quetion in England is, whether the farmers and land proprietors fhall preferve their property fecure, by one and all confidering the fyftem with the hor ror it merits, or fhall, by doubt and hesita tion, unite with the enemies of public peace, and hazard all that we poffefs at prefent?" (p. 46).

"The rights of man proved as vifionary and mifchievous as perfonal reprefentation Take the French declaration of them, and there is hardly an article to be found to which many would not annex the quellion, Is not this good? Can you deny this? But, concentrating the rays of right into one focus, and giving it in a declaration to the people, as the imprefcriptible right of man, the right of refiitance against oppreffion be

came

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