since artificial satellites were launched last year and the science of meteorology as it relates primarily to weather and climate. Although many atmospheric phenomena are of common concern to both of these branches of science, the figures given in the following table pertain to meteorology in the sense of weather, climate, and the elements-wind, clouds, rain, and so on. The world wars and the rapid growth of air commerce and military aviation have greatly increased the importance of meteorology and speeded its development. Because of the tactical importance of weather in military operations, there has been a great increase in military research projects in meteorology since 1940. To some extent there has also been an increase in meteorological research by other Government departments whose responsibilities are closely related to factors of weather and climate. In many cases these research projects are identified with some other activity or program under the cognizance of the respective department. Separate cost accounting was not set up for meteorological research phases, but the following are indicative of the sums involved. These figures represent the totals for research in meteorology under contract with the Federal Government by colleges, universities, foundations and other non-Government institutions during fiscal year 1958. They do not include meteorological research carried on directly by Federal Government research organizations. It is estimated that this amounted to approximately $8 million during 1958, including $2 million for special observations in connection with the International Geophysical Year.

Meteorological research during fiscal year 1958 by universities and other private research institutes under contract with Federal Government

From the foregoing it is seen that the total expenditure by the Federal Government for direct research in meteorology during fiscal year 1958 was approximately $14,231,000, including special observations in connection with the International Geophysical Year which is not an annual recurring cost. The Weather Bureau's expenditure for research was $2,600,000. This includes $473,000 under contract with universities. The remainder went for studies of hurricanes, tornadoes and other weather forecasting and storm warning research including certain costly operating facilities, such as data-recording devices on hurricane research aircraft.

In comparison with the vital influence of weather and climate in human affairs and the enormous savings in life and property through predictions of floods and storms, these expenditures for research are small. Moreover, in military operations an accurate foreknowledge of weather may make the difference between success and failure in a major mission or even in an entire campaign. In these operations involving billions of dollars and perhaps national security itself, the millions spent for meteorological research are a relatively small investment in future knowledge with great economic, social and political (national) promise.

With reference to division of responsibility for research in meteorology and questions of possible duplication, the interagency working groups provide excellent coordination. The Joint Meteorological Board under the Joint Chiefs of 27544-58-78

Staff meets regularly and agrees upon plans for meteorological operations by the respective agencies. For coordination in civil meteorological activities, the Subcommittee on Meteorology of the Air Coordinating Committee enables the interested offices to reach agreements on plans and operations so that duplication is avoided.

The statutes provide for the Weather Bureau to carry on research in problems relating directly to storms and other weather disturbances, particularly for purposes of forecasting and storm warnings. This research includes also projects in experimental meteorology involved in better understanding of the genesis, intensity and movement of storms and other atmospheric disturbances involving weather and climate. During the past 10 years many questions have been raised about weather control or modification. As result of public interest in the possibilities, legislation has recently been enacted authorizing the National Science Foundation to sponsor research in weather modification. Although close coordination will be needed to avoid unnecessary duplication in experimentation, the approach in research for weather modification by the National Science Foundation differs from the approach used in research and experimentation for weather forecasting. These programs can be planned so that they supplement each other and add to the common knowledge required in both fields.

There are many specialized meteorological problems in various general fields of business and industry. In agriculture, for example, each plant and animal has its own peculiar susceptibilities to certain factors of weather and climate. Aviation also has its own particular weather problems. In the medical profession there is a multitude of problems involving bioclimatology, and biometeorology-for example, air pollution of cities as result of industrial effluents. The importance of problems of weather and climate in the many different fields of human activity is certain to increase in the future. It has been the policy of each agency to carry on its own research in the highly specialized problems in its particular field except when circumstances have been such that the most efficient arrangement appeared to be for the Weather Bureau to carry on the research project under contract with the other agency concerned and by transfer of funds. This pactice has been in line with the general policy that the Weather Bureau should be the agency to conduct research in the common basic problems of meteorology, especially those relating directly to the Bureau's responsibility for weather reporting, forecasting and storm warnings for the general public, leaving to the other departments the responsibility for specialized research in meteorology relating primary and often exclusively to their own individual departmental responsibilities.