Other observatory equipment.—Additional funds requested, +$45,000.

The isolation and size of the site (2,700 acres), and the size and complexity of the 140-foot telescope requires that the facility be virtually self-sufficient insofar as repair and maintenance are concerned. The absence of housing and eating facilities in the area of the site requires that living quarters and a cafeteria be made available. Equipment needs have been computed in detail on the basis of General Services Administration furniture and equipment schedules where appropriate, and with reference to experience of other Federal agencies and retail outlets for other items. The net increase for this component is due to the need for purchasing equipment to furnish the cafeteria and residence hall.

1. Shop and maintenance equipment.-The amount of $78,000 required for this purpose is $22,000 less than the amount reflected in the fiscal year 1958 budget estimate, and provides machinery, apparatus, and tools necessary to perform preventive maintenance and repair of the radio telescopes-which are exposed to the elements-the buildings, the utilities, and the site. As mentioned earlier, the isolation of the site makes it desirable that self-sufficiency in terms of repair and maintenance be maintained, so that scientific research may proceed without the interruption that would occur if each repair required extensive travel or transportation to communities where facilities or trained personnel are obtainable. The maintenance building discussed earlier will include the following shops, for which equipment will be provided under this estimate: Machine shop, carpentry shop, metal shop, plumbing shop, and a paint shop. In addition, power equipment is contemplated for upkeep of at least the central portion of the 2,700-acre site. As a measure of the repair and maintenance job involved the observatory shops will be responsible for 9 renovated farm buildings; for 3 buildings to be constructed including 45,500 square feet of space; for sewer, water, and electrical systems of the facility; and for work on the highly complex 140-foot and 85-foot radio telescopes and necessary repairs to 11⁄2 miles of road. The shops indicated will not only be used for maintenance and repair of the site and its equipment (except electronic repairs, for which space is provided in the laboratory and administration building, and equipment funds included in the following section), but also for the machine, metal, and carpentry work involved in construction of models in connection with development of cot ponents for use in the telescopes as research in radio astronomy goes forward 2. Electronic test and repair equipment. The observatory will of necessity provide its own electronic equipment for mainentance and repairs of the sensi tive and complex radio receivers and allied components employed on the two telescopes. Estimates provide for standard test and repair equipment not only to test the performance and detect sources of difficulty, but also precision instru ments for use in the three experimental design laboratories located in the labe ratory and administration building, that will be necessary for research on development of improved radio astronomy receivers and electronic components. It will also be necessary for the observatory to operate its own mobile test laboratory to locate electrical and radio interference in the area and assure that the "quietness" of the area is maintained. The amount of $100,000 cur rently estimated is greater than the $50,000 reflected for this purpose in the fiscal year 1958 estimates due to more realistic appraisal of requirements.

3. Office equipment and furniture. The estimate for office furniture and equipment indicated in the fiscal year 1958 budget has been materially reduced as a result of pricing for standard office equipment and furniture in accordance with General Services Administration procurement schedules. The present estimate of $40,000 will provide for equipping the two-story laboratory and administration building described under section B3, and contemplates fulltime staff employment of 71 and office accommodations for 14 visiting research scientists by June 30, 1960.

4. Equipment and furniture for living quarters and cafeteria.—This new item provides for furnishing and equipping the proposed residence-hall and cafeteria

described earlier, as well as an amount necessary to furnish three of the houses on the site to be renovated as residences for visiting astronomers. To the greatest possible degree current General Services Administration procurement schedules have been used for pricing of medium-price lines of furniture, and in the case of the kitchen and cafeteria, estimates of individuals and retail outlets experienced with procurement of such equipment have been considered, so that the amount of $77,000 represents a reasonable estimate for modest furnishing and equipment.

Mr. YATES. Why do you need such a big machine shop at this place?

Dr. BERKNER. As you know, all laboratories need big machine shops but we are handling very big equipment here.

Mr. YATES. That does not necessarily call for a big machine shop. Dr. BERKNER. One of the important aspects of all radioastronomy work is changing of the feeds at the end, which have to be machined. The construction of equipment on the site needed to change the experimental techniques and so on will be carried out in the machine shop. Actually the machine shop is not very big.

Mr. YATES. Except in cost.

Dr. BERKNER. Not very big in cost.

Mr. YATES. As I remember it, it is a couple of hundred thousand dollars.

Dr. WATERMAN. $78,000 on shop and maintenance equipment.
Mr. YATES. Did I get that impression from the cost of the building?
Mr. SHEPPARD. That is total for machine shop and maintenance.
Mr. YATES. Are there any further questions? Dr. Berkner, thank
you very much. The committee will be glad to consider your request.
Dr. BERKNER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR

Mr. YATES. We move on to the IGY and you may put your other cap on. Who justifies this?

Dr. WATERMAN. Dr. Kaplan will do it in detail.

Mr. YATES. Let me summarize the request of the administration for this appropriation as it appears on page 8 of House Document No. 394 wherein it states that the supplemental appropriation completes the funding of the United States International Geophysical Year program. I was under the impression the funding had previously been. completed but apparently not.

Dr. WATERMAN. This is the purpose of the supplemental request. Mr. YATES. I notice the statement says funds are required at this time to provide for unexpected additional costs of the observational program in the Arctic and Antarctic, to provide for reduction and processing of a greater mass of scientific data from International Geophysical Year observations than earlier anticipated, to complete establishment of the United States World Data Center program, to initiate analysis and research based on International Geophysical Year data and to permit the National Committee which directs the United States program to continue until June 30, 1959.

Dr. Waterman, we will be glad to hear from you and Dr. Kaplan and such other of our distinguished visitors as may want to enlighten the committee.

Dr. WATERMAN. The program is asking for extra funds for several major items. One is for the observational program itself which con

sists of observers and special equipment to supplement what is already being done and to take advantage of the opportunities which the present observations have provided.

The items on the World Data Center, "Data reduction" and "Publication," as I am sure the committee will recognize, are items which we have previously informed you would continue.

SUMMARY OF OBLIGATIONS

Mr. YATES. Let us put the summary on pages 03 and 04 in the record. International Geophysical Year-Summary of obligations by activity and program

Mr. YATES. Please continue with your statement.

Dr. WATERMAN. Let me call attention to the item on special interdisciplinary research.

Mr. YATES. This is your big item.

Dr. WATERMAN. This is a big item. This is taking advantage of what has already been found in the first part of the IGY and relating the different topics and the different projects to one another. For example, there are extensive observations of the sun, and there are corresponding observations on the earth and from balloons. Data from different fields of research should be related. This, Dr. Kaplan can explain in detail.

The remaining item is for technical direction, which would complete the cost of the operation in that sense.

I would like to call on Dr. Kaplan, as Chairman of the United States National Committee.

Mr. YATES. We are always delighted to have Dr. Kaplan here to tell us of the progress of the program and why he needs the additional money.

Dr. KAPLAN. I am glad to have this opporunity. I am sorry Dr. Gould is not with us, but happy to report he is out of the hospital and is convalescing.

Mr. YATES. I did not know he was ill. I am sorry.

Dr. KAPLAN. He had double pneumonia. He went into the hospital in June. We have Dr. Revelle, Mr. Shapley, Dr. Tuve, and Dr. Wexler here. I do not know what your time schedule is.

Mr. YATES. You may have as much time as you want. We would like you to give us, at least, the minimum information as to why you need the money. We would be delighted to receive the information, also, as to how well the program is doing.

SUMMARY OF UNITED STATES IGY PROGRAM

Dr. KAPLAN. I will call on each of them after I make my own statement. I would like to offer for the record a prepared statement. Speaking to my own statement, summarizing, I would like to point out the growth of the program, which is on page 2 of my testimony. I call attention to that because it points out the really remarkable growth of the program and focuses, in part, on the needs that we have presented in this supplemental.

The principal focus, I might say, is the item called the special IGY interdisciplinary research program, to which three of our colleagues will speak. Dr. Wexler will talk about the Antarctic and the Arctic.

The five fields for need are, first, the observational program; secondly, the data reduction and publication; third, the World Data Center, of which I have notes in my testimony prepared by the Director of the Center; fourth, the special IGY interdisciplinary research program; and, finally, the necessary technical direction. Since my colleagues will amplify these things, I might quickly summarize.

OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAM-ARCTIC

On the observational program, the need for this item of $37,500 which is related to the Arctic is, I think, highlighted on the top of page 4. We have had increased costs, and we need this additional money on some of the planned projects.