present-an increase of 47 points, or nearly double the earlier rate of growth. This is a reflection of technology moving into high gear-and space has been a driver of the advanced technologies. We do not and cannot claim that space alone has created all the new productivity we enjoy today; we can say intuitively it would have been significantly less without the dynamic leverage of a space program.

The nation's economic effort over the past twelve years can be measured as totaling over $8 trillion. Of this, more than $2.4 trillion was real growth over the 1959 level. Approximately 50% of growth in productivity is attributable to the flow of new technical knowledge into the economy. That knowledge comes from research and development investments and 25% of the nation's total R&D was carried out under the space program. The space program is therefore responsible for a major part of the new technology which creates wealth and productivity. This would be one way to estimate conservatively the force for progress exerted by the space program.

The future is far more difficult to predict than the past is to analyze, but as space exploration and applications mature, and as new technologies find everincreasing uses, I feel that the economic returns we will measure in the second decade will continue to be in large multiples of their cost. This ignores the immeasurables-I can place no dollar value on national security, on a stable international scene, on lives saved, on knowledge gained, on national selfconfidence and pride. Yet all these and more are already the fruits of our past investments.

DISTRIBUTION OF NASA FILMS

Question 7. In Appendix 3 of your statement you mentioned that NASA develops and distributes 16 mm sound film. Will you elaborate on the manner in which NASA acquaints schools and organizations with the kinds of films that are developed and how such films can be obtained?

Answer. Distribution of NASA films to schools throughout the United States is based upon procedures worked out cooperatively between NASA Center Educational Officers and state school officials. To facilitate this and its other information programs, NASA has divided the country into regions of several states each, with information responsibility within each region assigned to a major NASA Center.

NASA issues periodically a publication describing all of its educational/ informational films. Names of libraries from which schools may borrow films are included. This publication is sent to approximately 50,000 teachers, upon their request.

Schools may borrow a print of any NASA film from the nearest NASA Center film library without charge other than return postage. In 1969, nearly five million elementary and secondary students saw NASA films in their classrooms. At the time each new film is released, an information sheet on the film is sent to 900 audio-visual director and media center directors who acquire films for school systems. This information is also mailed to 30 educational journals and periodicals which print announcements or reviews available to schools.

Preview prints of new NASA films are sent by request to the Science Teaching Center of the University of Maryland whose staff prepares reviews of all science media for publication in the monthly periodicals of the National Science Teachers Association. Review prints are also provided to other publications upon request.

NASA films are regularly shown at the national conventions of educational, science and audio-visual groups, as a means of introducing the group to a new film. Several NASA films were shown recently at the National Science Teachers Association Convention in Cleveland and at the National Association of School Administrators Convention in Atlantic City. Representatives of NASA's Educational Program participated in, and provided information about films as well as other educational services, at four regional meetings of the National Science Teachers Association, and at meetings of the National Council for Teachers of Mathematics, the American Personnel and Guidance Association, the National Association of Secondary School Principals and the National Aerospace Education Council. Lecturers in the Agency's Space Science Education Project make use of films in their Spacemobile presentations at schools, and in so doing make known the procedures by which schools may obtain and make use of the films. A booklet "NASA Educational Publications" which describes publications available to teachers and students, includes mention of films and suggests that teachers

write for the NASA Film List. During the summers, NASA films are widely used at teacher workshops throughout the country. Last year, films were provided to nearly 400 such workshops.

Prints of NASA films may be purchased by schools and media center libraries for frequent use. The available titles are listed in a catalog published by the new National Audio-visual Center of the National Archives and Records Service, and the price includes only the laboratory cost of the print plus handling and shipping charges. This Center has sold more than 1,450 prints of the NASA film "Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11."

Announcements of new films are also mailed to Headquarters of 53 national organizations including Rotary, Kiwanis, American Legion, etc. The film announcements are usually published as information for program chairmen.

UNIFIED POLICY FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Question 8. An article in the March 21 issue of Business Week states that the Administration is “making a fresh attempt to get technology out where the problems are. The result could be the first unified federal policy for technology transfer. Though federal officials will not spellout details yet, such a policy presumably would fuse the separate technology transfer programs of different federal agencies.

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it is not yet clear how the new technology transfer setup will mesh with NASA's program and those of other agencies.”

Are you able to give us any details about this new proposal, particularly as to how it might affect NASA?

Answer. The Committee on Intergovernmental Science Relations of the Federal Council for Science and Technology is currently preparing a report recommending actions by the Federal government to strengthen science and technology at the state and local levels. Technology transfer of federal research and development results is being given major consideration. NASA is represented on that committee.

The NASA Technology Utilization Program, established in response to the mandate in Section 203 (a)(3) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, to . . . "provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof". It is designed to make available, through experimental technology transfer mechanisms, scientific and technical information generated through the conduct of NASA programs, to other sectors of the national economy, including medicine, education, and industry.

NASA is working closely with the Department of Commerce and the Small Business Administration. We are providing our new technology to other federal mission-oriented agencies such as the National Air Pollution Control Administration, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of Transportation as well as to a number of public organizations at the state and local levels.

Through the establishment of a Technology Utilization Program NASA has provided leadership within the federal government in the areas of acquisition and transfer of new technology. We expect that the experience and knowledge gained through these experimental programs will impact the planning of any prospective "unified federal program." NASA will continue to work closely with whatever new government mechanisms are developed to transfer technology.

"PINGER" USE FOR LOST OBJECTS AT SEA

Question 9. Dr. Paine, in your statement, you discuss a small pinger for locating lost objects in the sea. Has the Department of Defense shown any interest in this or have you suggested that they might consider the use of this to put on major and expensive pieces of equipment that may be lost? I am thinking of a few years ago when an aircraft crashed and we lost a couple of nuclear weapons which took a long time to locate and we finally found them in waters off the coast of Spain?

Answer. We have suggested possible application of the "pinger" to several elements of the Department of Defense, and we understand that they are using it in aircraft, torpedoes, nose cones, as navigation markers, and on underwater equipment and systems. We have also publicly announced the "pinger" through the issuance of NASA Tech Brief No. 66–10315 in May 1966.

Senator CANNON. Thank you very much, and as I said, I will make a statement on the floor advising the Senators that this room will be opened and that the exhibits here will be on display for 2 days.

Thank you very much, Doctor.

(Whereupon, at 12:15 p.m. the committee adjourned.)

(The seven attachments to Dr. Paine's testimony are as follows:)

APPENDIX 1, ATTACHMENT 1

(Appendix 1 consists of 12 attachments)

NASA TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION PROGRAM

TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION

The purpose of NASA's Technology Utilization Program is to inform industrial, medical and educational communities of useful technological innovations resulting from NASA's research and development programs. These are the by-products of NASA's work. Nevertheless, many of these by-products have important technological (and economic) applications in a wide variety of often unrelated activities.

The Technology Utilization Program is described in the booklet entitled: "Useful New Technology from Aerospace Research and Development" (Attachment 1). This Appendix includes a sample Tech Brief (Attachment 2); abstracts of representative Tech Briefs (Attachment 3); a listing of the more than 3000 Tech Briefs published to date (Attachment 4); a listing of Technology Utilization Conferences (Attachment 5) ; a bibliography of reports relating to the Technology Utilization Program (Attachment 6); a listing of Special Publications on Technology Transfers (Attachment 7); a list of available computer programs (Attachment 8); a number of examples of technology transfers (Attachment 9); a list of Patent Licenses granted by NASA (Attachment 10); the booklet "U.S. Patents for NASA Inventions Available for Licensing in the United States" (Attachment 11); and the booklet "Significant NASA Inventions Available for Licensing in Foreign Coutries" (Attachment 12).

USEFUL NEW TECHNOLOGY From Aerospace Research and Development

New Technology Information Services

Available to Industry

and Other Interested Groups

DOWN TO EARTH

FINDINGS FROM

SPACE RESEARCH

The challenge of building machines that can function and keep men alive in space is daily expanding the skills and knowledge of America's engineers, scientists and educators.

At the same time, the many by-products of aerospace research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its contractors are finding increasing use in a wide variety of non-aerospace activities.

To provide timely and useful information about the results of new space technology to the Nation's industrial-professional-educational complex is the goal of NASA's Technology Utilization Program. This program is a planned, continuing effort to locate aerospace-related inventions, new scientific knowledge and technical skills and to make them available to potential users in the civilian economy.

This booklet describes the various activities of the NASA Technology Utilization Program which are designed to inform the industrial, educational and medical communities of useful technological innovations resulting from NASA's aerospace research and development programs.

Information reported in the Technology Utilization Program includes new or improved techniques, procedures, programs, products, devices, materials, processes, compositions, systems, machines, articles, fixtures, tools, methods and scientific data. In essence, anything developed by NASA or under NASA contract represents a potential return on the taxpayers' investment in the space program.

Products resulting from the Technology Utilization Program range from the mundane to the exotic. An example of the former is a silicone sealant, a super glue, developed for use on spacecraft, which is now available on the shelves of hardware stores across the country. A more dramatic transfer of space technology is an electronic switch that can be activated by eye movements of an astronaut when high gravity forces might limit his arm and leg movements. The switch can be adapted for non-space uses, including self-guidance by partially paralyzed patients in wheel chairs.

Many of the benefits of the Technology Utilization Program are intangible, such as the increased interest on the part of companies working on NASA contracts to apply new managerial systems, techniques and procedures to pressing social problems in such fields as health care, education, crime prevention, pollution control and waste disposal.

To date, scores of new technical developments designed to meet the needs of the space program have been transferred or adapted for use outside that program. Many transfers are complete and direct; others may be indirect and in the form of bits and pieces of information assembled to provide usable packages of transferable data.