monographs, data compilations, handbooks, sourcebooks, and special bibliographies.

Technology Utilization Publications: This category of Special Publications includes information on technology used by NASA that may be of particular interest in commercial and other nonaerospace applications. Publications include Technology Utilization Reports, Notes, and Technology Surveys.

Listed below are representative titles of recent NASA publications in the various series.

REPRESENTATIVE TITLES OF NASA PUBLICATIONS

TECHNICAL NOTES

Fortran Program for Machine Computation of Group Tables of Finite Groups. By G. Allen, D. D. Evans, and P. Swigert (NASA TN D-5402).

Experimental Measurements of Expanding Storable-Propellant Products Simulated by Combustion of Gaseous Reactants. By R. Friedman, R. Gangler, and E. Lazberg (NASA TN-5404).

The Visual Acuity in Viewing Scaled Objects on Television Compared With That in Direct Viewing. By E. Long, Jr., and S. Long (NASA TN D-5534). Some Factors Affecting the Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Ti-6A1-4V Alloy in Methanol. By W. B. Lisagor (NASA TN D–5557).

A Study of the Application of Heat or Force Fields to the Sonic-Boom Minimization Problem. By D. S. Miller and H. W. Carlson (NASA TN D-5582).

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS

A Review of Liquid Propellants. By R. O. Miller (NASA TM X-1789). Synoptic Analysis of the Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere. By A. J. Miller and F. J. Finger (NASA TM X-1814).

A Procedure for Furnace Brazing Butt Joints in Tungsten-Uranium Dioxide Cermet Cylinders at 3000° C. By T. J. Moore and D. W. Adams (NASA TM X-1815).

Toxicity Problems in Plastic Hardware Designed for Biological Space-Flight Experiments. By R. Willoughby (NASA TM X-1818).

Design and Performance of a Heart Assist or Artificial Heart Control System Using Industrial Pneumatic Components. By J. A. Webb, Jr., and Vernon D. Gebben (NASA TM X-1953).

TECHNICAL REPORTS

The Effects of Molecular Structure on the Thermochemical Properties of Phenolic and Related Polymers. By J. A. Parker and E. L. Winkler (NASA TR R-276).

Self-Synchronizing Bi-Orthogonal Coded PCM Telemetry System. By W. Miller, R. Muller, T. Taylor, and J. Yagelowich (NASA TR R−292).

Principles of Optical Data Processing for Engineers. By A. R. Shulman (NASA TR R-327).

Techniques for Eliminating Baseband Voice Interference with Telemetry for the Apollo Communication System. By G. D. Arndt, S. W. Novosad, and R. J. Panneto (NASA TR R-337).

CONTRACTOR REPORTS

Testing of High-Emittance Coatings. By R. E. Cleary and C. Ammann (NASA CR-1413).

General-Aviation Pilot Reactions to and Opinions on Groove Runways. By G. E. Cranston (NASA CR-1428).

Research on Metallugical Characteristics and Performance of Materials Used for Sliding Electrical Contacts. By W. H. Abbott and E. S. Bartlett (NASA CR-1447).

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys at Ambient Temperature in Aqueous Solutions. By T. L. Mackay (NASA CR-1464).

Effects of Sonic Booms and Subsonic Jet Flyover Noise on Skeletal Muscle Tension and a Paced Tracing Task. By J. S. Lukas, D. J. Peeler, and K. D. Dryter (NASA CR-1522).

Compatibility of Columbium Base Alloys with Lithium Fluoride. By R. W. Harrison and W. H. Hendrixson (NASA CR-1526).

TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS

Titanium Alloys for Modern Technology. By N. P. Sazhin (NASA TT F-596). Satellite Meteorology. By K. S. Shifrin and V. L. Gayevskiy (Eds.) (NASA TT F-589).

Perception of Space and Time in Outer Space. By A. A. Leonov and V. I. Lebedev (NASA TT F-545).

Radiophysics. 1965-1966: Radiophysical Investigations of Venus. By A. D. Kuzmin (NASA TT F-536).

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

Apollo 11: Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-214).

Exploring Space With A Camera. Compiled and Edited by E. M. Cortright (NASA SP-168).

Weather Satellite Picture Receiving Stations.-Inexpensive Construction of Automatic Picture Transmission Ground Equipment. By C. H. Vermillion (NASA SP-5080).

Mariner-Mars 1969: A Preliminary Report (NASA SP-225).

Surveyor Program Results (NASA SP-184).

Earth Photographs from Gemini VI through XII (NASA SP-171).

In Fiscal Year 1969, more than 1.6 million copies of NASA publications were distributed. In addition, more than 3 million microfiche copies-microfilm carrying images for 60 pages each-were also sent out. The attached table gives a breakdown of our report distribution statistics.

IMPACT OF SPACE PROGRAM ON EDUCATION

The exploration of space has profound and continuing effects on U.S. education.

The shock of the first Sputnik prompted a dramatic re-evaluation of our scientific educational practices. Curricula changed. New maths and physics appeared. Instruction in other sciences was radically altered and updated, not only in expected evolutionary patterns, but also as a direct result of the flow of new knowledge. The results of this country's space programs and the needs of scientific and technological education now converge in a continuing dialogue that infuses new knowledge into the Nation's classrooms.

In the early days of space exploration Dr. Lee DuBridge said, "One hundred years from now the new kind of knowledge attained in space research will surely have paid untold, unforeseen, and un

expected dividends. Already, the dawning of the space age had inpelled Americans to seek to improve their schools. That alone may be worth the cost of all our space rockets."

NASA employs a literal interpretation of the Space Act's directive to increase the scientific and technical capability of the Nation. We regard our undertakings as incomplete until their results have been made available to the country's elementary and secondary schools. Programs have been developed to facilitate the transfer of this new knowledge.

Working with universities, for example, NASA compiles the relevant information its programs produce into curriculum supplements (not textbooks) which are made available to teachers. This program helps fill the gaps between the appearance of new knowledge and the use of that knowledge in textbooks which are a long time in preparation and acceptance. The agency also works with current state school curricula.

The general approach of the agency's primary and secondary school programs is to offer teachers relevant information in useful formats. It is the teacher who makes the judgment on how and when to employ this new knowledge in the classroom. Central to this approach is an active program of NASA assistance to institutions of higher learning, state and local school authorities and professional associations in the conduct of courses, institutes and workshops for pre- and in-service teachers.

There is one major exception to the teacher-oriented NASA educational program: the Spacemobile offers lecture demonstrations directly to students. Nearly all Spacemobile schedules are established by state boards of education. The program reaches about 3 million students annually.

Descriptions and results of educational programs follow:

CURRICULUM RESOURCES PROGRAM

Provides teachers with publications which relate aerospace results to the several subjects, grades K-12. Useful also to curriculum and textbook writers who wish to update content with recent and relevant aerospace developments. Basic is its purpose of providing a stimulus and a model for similar non-NASA aerospace curriculum projects. The supplements are published both as books covering several topics and as leaflets dealing with a single topic; appropriate film loops are being prepared.

Examples are:

Teaching To Meet the Challenges of the Space Age. For elementary teachers. Project cost $1,000. Published 120,000 copies. Being updated by Center for Urban Education, New York City, a USOE Title IV project.

Introducing Children to Space, the Lincoln Plan. For elementary teachers. Project cost $8,950. Published 52,500 copies. Well regarded nationally. Served as starting point for USOE Title III aerospace curriculum projects in the schools of Eastern Nebraska.

The Planetarium, and Elementary School Teaching Resource.Project cost $7,776. Published 60,000 copies. For elementary teachers and planetarium directors to relate aerospace to intermediate grade science.

Aerospace Curriculum Resource Guide.-Project cost $23,000. Published 13,000 copies. For teachers of all subjects, Grades K-12. Developed for Massachusetts Schools by Massachusetts State Department of Education. Used nationally. Distributed by Headquarters ROTC to its high school units as guide for developing cross-disciplinary aerospace teaching. Distributed by the Foreign Policies Association to leaders in elementary school social studies teaching.

Space Resources for the High School: Industrial Arts Resource Units. For secondary school industrial teachers. Project cost $18,700. Published 40,500 copies. Widely used nationally. Stimulated curriculum enriching project of the American Industrial Arts Association. Used in course-of-study updating by States of Georgia and Florida, and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

Space Resources for Teachers: Biology.-Project cost $24,950. For secondary school biology teachers. Published 5,000 copies. Professional interest in it is high with seven regional and national conventions of the National Science Teachers Association devoting concurrent sessions to discussing it.

Space Resources for Feachers: Space Science.-Project cost $11,615. Published 5,000 copies. For secondary school science teachers. Covers space implications for biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Has had concurrent sessions of five regional and national conventions of the National Science Teachers Association devoted to it.

Evaluation

The Bulletin for January 1970 of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, under "Editor Comments," in calling attention to NASA secondary school curriculum bulletins, writes: "To help close the gap between what is happennig on the frontiers of science and technology and what is being taught in classrooms, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has recently published four books that will be valuable additions to the professional libraries of secondary school teachers."

The January 1970 number of Social Education, the periodical of the National Council for the Social Studies, in an article "Space Age Curriculum" states ". . . the curriculum publications of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are far ahead of anything educational publishers have produced."

TEACHER EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

Includes assisting institutions of higher learning, professional associations, and regional, state and local school authorities to provide preservice and in-service teachers with sufficient understanding of America's aerospace activities to adapt what is appropriate to their teaching. The services include providing NASA's publications, curriculum supplements, films, speakers, spacemobile lecturers, and tours of installations, and also organizing and conducting courses, conferences, institutes and workshops.

The NASA Teacher Educational Services reach annually 25,000 teachers in 600-700 courses, institutes and workshops.-The reason for high teacher interest in aerospace is twofold: America's program in aerospace is (1) generating new knowledge; and (2) motivating student learning in science and all subjects.

Evaluation

In evaluating NASA's teacher educational services, the Council of State Science Supervisors recently reported that (1) 85 percent of the teachers who attended aerospace workshops stated that they introduced aerospace into their teaching in subsequent semesters; (2) that 76 percent of the students stated they understood better science principles taught in class because they had been introduced by teachers through an aerospace frame of reference.

NASA provides no funding for either students attending or institutions sponsoring teacher educational projects in aerospace.

YOUTH SERVICES

1. Youth Science Congresses

Organize and conduct, through the National Science Teachers Association, the Youth Science Congress Program. In 1969, twelve Congresses were conducted at nine NASA Centers plus St. Louis, Minneapolis, and Denver. To each are invited 20 youngsters who are selected on the basis of their science research papers.

At each Congress the students present their papers to an audience of peers and scientists from NASA, universities and industry. Give and take discussion follows.

The program is in its seventh year. A total of 1,000 students have participated.

2. Science Fairs

NASA also participates in the annual International Science Fairs sponsored by Science Services, Inc. We provide honorary awards such as certificates, NASA publications, and field trips to NASA Centers.

3. Other

NASA provides publications, films, speakers and tours to such organizations as Boy Scouts, National Association of Rocketry, Junior Engineering Technical Society, etc.

Evaluation

A preliminary report of a survey of participants in the Science Congresses and Science Fairs indicates that about 90 percent of them were influenced in their choices of careers in scientific and technical fields.

CAREER GUIDANCE

NASA has developed special publications on aerospace jobs and careers at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels. These are used in responding to an average of about 600 such inquiries a month from students and teachers.