sional education, and normal schools. The constant and increasing demands from these schools for the help of the bureau in making surveys and for advice as to their.reconstruction and better coordination are larger and far more numerous than the bureau can meet with its present force. There is special need of an able man, familiar with agricultural education and the problems of Negro education in the South, to devote his entire time and attention to the colleges of agriculture for Negroes in the Southern States. Such a man might easily make the use of the $1,200,000 by these schools, of which $282,121 are appropriated by the Federal Government, from 25 to 50 per cent more valuable than it now is.

11. A much larger appropriation for the division of schooldirected home gardening. The proper education of many millions of children, and even the possibility of their attending school at all during the years in which attendance at school is most valuable, depend to a very large extent upon the general adoption of the work which the bureau is promoting through this division. It is very important that there should be in the bureau a sufficient number of specialists in this subject to visit all cities, towns, and manufacturing villages in the country, advise with their school officials and teachers, and assist in directing the work of teachers until the plan is well enough understood and there are enough trained teachers so that the work in any city or town may go on without outside direction, or until the several States have made provision for the direction of the work from their offices of education. The enactment of child-labor laws prohibiting the employment of children under 14 years of age in mills, mines, and quarries must result in enforced idleness of hundreds of thousands of boys and girls and in unnecessary hardships to them and their parents unless there be found for them some form of suitable employment economically profitable and at the same time educational. Results obtained through home and school gardening confirm the belief that both economically and educationally this is one of the very best forms of employment for children between the ages of 8 and 14 years. Results of the increased work of this division made possible by an allotment from the appropriation for the national security and defense of $50,000 for the last quarter of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918, and an allotment of $200,000 for the last fiscal year show most clearly its value for production and educa-, tion. If this work can be continued on this scale for a few years more it is believed that it will come to be recognized as an essential part of the school work of cities, towns, and industrial villages, thus enriching the educational life of boys and girls of these communities by an element otherwise impossible for them.

12. An increase in the number of specialists and assistants in rural education and industrial education. The few specialists now em

ployed in these subjects are wholly unable to do more than a small part of the work needed. States are asking for expert advice in regard to school legislation and the improvement of their school systems. States, counties, and local communities want comprehensive and detailed school surveys. There is need and demand for such general and authoritative studies of school administration, courses of study, methods of teaching, and adaptation of the work of the schools to the life and needs of the communities which they serve as can be made effectively only by a large group of men and women of the best ability working under the direction of the Federal Government. The passage of the Federal vocation act-the so-called Smith-Hughes Act-and the creation of the Federal Board for Vocational Education relieves the Bureau of Education to a certain extent of responsibility in regard to vocational education in certain classes of schools and for certain classes of persons, but at the same time it emphasizes the importance of the work which the bureau should do for vocational education in other schools and for other classes of persons and adds in large measure to its responsibilities in regard to these subjects.

13. The addition of two or three specialists to the division of commercial education for the investigation of problems of commercial education and to assist in making plans and finding means for the preparation of our young people for participation in the larger commercial life upon which the country is now entering. The rapid expansion of the foreign commerce of the United States, because of the war and for other reasons more permanent, makes the needs of this division more pressing than when it was first recommended some years ago.

14. More adequate provision for the investigation and promotion of school sanitation and hygiene and the physical education and development of pupils. More than 20,000,000 children spend a good part of their time each year in public and private schools in the United States. They come to these schools that they may gain preparation and strength for life. In many of the schools the heating, lighting, ventilation, and other means of sanitation are so poor that instead of gaining strength for life they have the seeds of disease and death sown in their systems. In many other schools the daily regimen is such as to cause the children to lose a very large per cent of that which they might gain with a better regimen. From State, county, and city school officers, in all parts of the country, thousands of requests come to the bureau for information and advice in regard to these matters. The bureau should be able to give accurate information and sound advice regarding various phases of this subject. The establishment of health and right health habits and the best types of physical education must be considered most important and

vital factors in any education that is to fit for life. Provision for such games, plays, drills, and other exercises as will develop physical strength, bodily control, and endurance is essential to the schools of any nation that would maintain for all its citizens a high degree of preparedness for the duties both of peace and of war. Facts revealed by the physical examination of volunteers for the Army and the Navy and of selected men in the Army show most clearly the need for this service.

15. The addition of several specialists and assistants in the division of city-school administration for the investigation of problems of education and school administration in cities and towns. The drift of population to the cities and towns continues, and the proportion of urban population to rural population is increasing rapidly. Almost one-half of the children of the United States now live in cities, towns, and densely-populated suburban communities. In some sections of the country a very large proportion of these children are the children of foreign-born parents. All this adds to the complexity and difficulty of the problems of city-school administration, especially in the larger cities. Many hundreds of requests for advice and information in regard to these problems come to the bureau every year. Within the last few years requests have come to the bureau for comprehensive educational surveys in dozens of cities, and many other cities have appealed to other agencies for work of this kind because their superintendents and boards of education knew that this bureau was not equipped as it should be to do this work. If the right education of the 12,000,000 children who live in cities is a matter of interest to the Nation as a whole, then this bureau should be enabled to do effectively those things which no other agency can do to assist the school officers and teachers of these cities in making the work of their schools more effective. The large and increasing number of requests for comprehensive surveys of city-school systems and for advice and assistance in the readjustment of courses of study and in regard to other phases of city-school administration make it necessary for the bureau to be able to do the work of this division more effectively if it is to retain the respect of school officers interested in this very large and important part of our school system as a reliable and effective agency for information, advice, and assistance.

16. The establishment of a division with specialists and assistants for the investigation of the education of exceptional children. There are in the United States more than 2,000,000 children whose education requires means varying widely from those in common use for the education of normal children. This includes subnormal children, the deaf, the blind, the crippled, the incorrigible, the diseased, and those whose superiority, general or specific, makes it desirable that they be given special opportunities in particular subjects or for

general promotion. These children are to be found in cities, towns, and rural communities alike, and all school officers and teachers have to deal with them. The Bureau of Education can not be considered as performing its duties to all the population with impartiality until it has in its service men and women who can give accurate information and helpful advice in regard to the education of these children.

17. A careful and thorough investigation as to the means of better education of children in their homes and the dissemination of information as to the best methods for the early physical, mental, and moral education of children in the home and for the better cooperation of home and school in the education of children of school age. Children of the United States are in school less than 4 per cent of their time from birth to 21. The home is the primary and fundamental educational institution. Schools and other agencies are only secondary. If education in the home fails, no other agency can make good the failure. With our changing civilization and social and industrial life, there is need for more careful study of education in the home. The cooperative arrangement with the National Congress of Mothers and Parent Teacher Association, by which work of this kind had been maintained on a small scale until the 1st of July of this year, is no longer legal. Congress should make an appropriation sufficiently large to enable it to be continued and largely extended. If an appropriation is made for educational extension, as recommended elsewhere, this work might well be included with that.

18. Provision for the investigation of the education of adult illiterates and the dissemination of information as to the best methods of teaching illiterate men and women to read and write and of extending the meager education of those who were denied the advantages of the schools in their childhood and youth. According to the census of 1910, there were in the United States more than 5,500,000 illiterate men and women and children over the age when they may be expected to make a beginning in the public schools, and there were many millions more barely able to read and write. This illiteracy is a burden to society and a menace to State and Nation. Within the past few years much interest in the removal of this burden has developed, and from all sides come requests for assistance of many kinds from this bureau. The response to the little attention which this bureau has been able to give to this subject indicates that States, local communities, individuals, and benevolent societies are ready to cooperate heartily with the Federal Government in any reasonable plans which may be devised and presented for this purpose.

19. The work of instructing persons of foreign birth in the English language and in the geography, history, ideals, industrial re

quirements, and manners and customs of our country-the work generally known as Americanization-is so very important that it should be promoted, both by National and State aid. There are in the United States between thirteen and fifteen millions of persons of foreign birth. Of these approximately 5,000,000 can not read, write, or speak the English language, and approximately 2,500,000 of them can not read or write in any language. Such a large proportion of our population unassimilated constitutes a constant menace.. With a sufficient appropriation to assist in paying the salaries of teachers and State and local supervisors and funds for a staff of experts under its immediate direction, the Bureau of Education could promote effectively this work of Americanization, so vitally important to the strength and welfare of the Nation. The passage of the bill now pending in both Houses of Congress for the appropriation of $14,250,000 a year for seven years for the purpose of enabling the Federal Government through this bureau to cooperate with the several States in this and in the teaching of native-born illiterate men and women would have results of incalculable value. It is sincerely hoped that this bill may become law.

20. The value of stereopticon and stereoscopic slides, movingpicture films, and phonographic records in school instruction and for extension education through community organizations, women's clubs, and other societies is well established, and there is need and an increasing demand for a central agency for the production and circulation of such slides, films, and records. The Bureau of Education, in cooperation with State and city departments of education and institutions of higher learning, might render an invaluable service in this field at small cost. The eagerness with which university extension divisions and other educational extension agencies have responded to the bureau's offer of cooperation in the obtaining and distribution of five or six million feet of films, mostly war and publichealth films, indicate what might be done with an adequate appropriation for this purpose.

21. The value of and need for community organization, especially in rural communities, become constantly more apparent, and interest in the subject has extended to all parts of the country. The experience of three years has shown that such organization can be promoted most effectively by the Bureau of Education in cooperation with State departments of education. A community organization in every school district in the United States and their Territories and possessions would be incalculably valuable for the period of reconstruction following the war. It is therefore recommended that the personnel and equipment of the bureau for this work be largely increased. If the appropriation recommended for the Division of Educational