individual enrollment blanks were disseminated for the signature of individuals who desire to enroll in the Americanization campaign. About 25.000 bulletins, pamphlets, and other printed material were distributed, together with a large quantity of "America First" and flag posters.

The National Committee of One Hundred has expanded its representation to include a greater number of industrial men and foreign leaders. Its principal activity during the past year has been the formulation of two bills, one working out the principle of Federal aid to the States for Americanization work and the other calling for funds to carry out the war Americanization plan. The legislative committee also was instrumental in drafting and securing the passage of three bills in New York State providing for compulsory attendance of non-English-speaking persons between 16 and 21 years of age and providing for compulsory maintenance of educational facilities for their instruction and also for the training of teachers. A model bill for compulsory attendance has been drafted and furnished to several State school authorities and legislatures. The committee now has headquarters in New York City.

Special effort has been placed on the coordination and correlation of the varied activities of unofficial agencies, such as patriotic organizations, women's clubs, civic associations, fraternal orders, councils of defense and Americanization committees. Special cooperative plans have been worked out with the American Bankers' Association, Scottish Rites, Pennsylvania State Department of Labor and Industry, National Committee of Patriotic Societies, Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, and a great many other local chambers, with a large number of industrial corporations, with the New York State Department of Education and local superintendents of schools, and with about 25 patriotic societies and civic associations. The activities of many of these have been correlated with the national plan of Americanization as put out through the Council of National Defense. Other activities include the preparation of over 15 new circulars of information and schedules of operation for official and unofficial agencies, and research into the educational activities of industrial corporations and chambers of commerce.

On May 2, 1918, the Secretary of the Interior accepted a proposition from the National Americanization Committee of New York for the extension of the bureau's work in Americanization with a special view to promoting the work of education among the foreign-born population of the United States in order to give them a knowledge of the industrial requirements in this country, of the history and resources of the country, of our manners and customs, and of our social, civic, economic, and political ideals, and through cooperation with loyal leaders of racial groups to win the full loyalty of these

people for the United States and their hearty cooperation in the war for freedom and democracy. Under the plan of cooperation adopted the National Americanization Committee bears the additional expense for salaries and travel of specialists, assistants, clerks, and other employees, as well as the necessary expenses for office equipment. All employees are selected by the Commissioner of Education and appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Some of the immediate objects of this new work are the following:

1. To give the immigrant better opportunities and facilities to learn of America and to understand his duties to America.

2. To unite in service for America the different factions among the several racial groups and to minimize in each race the antagonism due to old-country conditions.

3. To cement the friendships and discourage the enmities existing among races and to bring them together for America.

4. To bring native and foreign-born Americans together in more intimate and friendly relations.

5. To give native-born Americans a better understanding of foreign-born Americans.

6. To develop among employers a more kindly and patriotic feeling toward foreign-born workmen.

7. To encourage the foreign-born Americans to assist in the work of Americanization and to develop a more patriotic feeling toward the work in which they are engaged.

8. To develop the school as the center for Americanization work for all alike.

The division of immigrant education has been enlarged by the addition of a war work extension service section with offices both in Washington and New York City. A semimonthly publication is planned under the title of "Americanization Bulletin."

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION.

The conduct of the war has led to the discovery, on the part of many governmental agencies and the Nation as a whole, that the spiritual and material resources of the people can be mobilized effectively only when the people act in community units. This discovery has given a marked impetus to the community organization movement and presented an open door of opportunity to this division of the bureau's work, which it has entered, so far as its limited working force permitted.

The devision is operated by two men, one of whom is engaged chiefly in research work, and the other chiefly in field work.

At the request of the Council of National Defense, the community organization division cooperated in a national campaign to stimulate the organization of local communities as a means of national defense.

This involved work covering a period of six months. A 52-page bulletin (No. 11, 1918: "A community center, what it is and how to organize it") was prepared and distributed by the bureau to State and county superintendents, and distributed by the Council of Defense to State and county councils.

A national conference on community organization was arranged and conducted by the bureau in cooperation with State councils of defense, State superintendents of public instruction, the National Education Association, and the National Community Center Association.

A permanent endowment fund of $25,000 was secured and a board. of trustees incorporated to administer it. The proceeds are used to help the work of community organization in cooperation with the Bureau of Education. It has established two lectureships on community organization, one at Cornell University, the other at the University of North Carolina. The bureau's field agent has been requested to give the first series of these two courses of lectures.

During the year the field agent has delivered courses of from 3 to 12 lectures at Pennsylvania State College, Georgia Normal and Industrial College, and the Normal and Industrial Institute, Asheville, N. C. He has delivered 25 single lectures at city and State conventions, and 14 addresses in the City of Washington at the request of its board of education. He has assisted in the organization of community activities in Boston and New York.

Through the efforts of the specialist in research work, a post-office station was established in a schoolhouse in Washington, D. C., with the approval and cordial support of the school board and the Post Office Department. The community secretary was made postmaster. This is a pioneer piece of work, the possible value of which is very great not only in decreasing needless expenditure of money, but in increasing the community use of the schoolhouse.

With the assistance of this division, eight districts in Washington, D. C., have been permanently organized as community centers, with regularly employed community secretaries supported at public

expense.

The community activities now conducted in many parts of the country are large in number and varied in character. Data concerning them ought to be gathered and distributed so that communities may help each other by pooling their experience. The bureau at present is not manned or equipped to render this needed service. The entire country appears to be profoundly conscious of the importance of community organization, not only to meet the Nation's present needs, but also the equally important needs of the reconstruction days immediately ahead. The need is great. The people are willing to meet it. They are looking to the Bureau of Educa

tion for suggestion and guidance. The country is now requesting of this division a service many times larger than it is equipped to render. The Nation's awakened need and desire for help in community organization is a ground of hope for our common welfare and for the success of our experiment in democracy.

SCHOOL HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

Since February of the present year the bureau has had the full time service of one specialist in educational hygiene. Prior to that time in the current year, and for a series of years in the past, it had had part time service of two men. Of these, one has devoted his time exclusively to assisting school authorities in the preparation of plans for school buildings; the other, to reviewing progress in educational hygiene and answering the more important of the numerous inquiries that came to the bureau upon the varied phases of this diversified subject. The volume and variety of such inquiries and the volume and variety of activities in the field of educational hygiene have increased enormously since the entrance of the country into the war. How great and diversified is the task of keeping up with the inquiries alone is shown by the following partial list of topics upon which information and advice was given by this division in one month of the present year: Physical education in elementary, secondary, and normal schools, and in the colleges; plans for health supervision of schools in rural communities, small towns, and cities; physical examination of children for working papers; administration of medical inspection; school clinics; malnutrition of school children; State laws for physical education; State laws for medical inspection; plans for school buildings; ventilation of school buildings; cleaning of school buildings; training of janitors in school sanitation; educational procedure for improvement of speech defects; methods for backward and defective children.

All possible effort has been made to cooperate effectively with governmental agencies and with voluntary organizations in the promotion of investigations, in the organization of health instruction and physical education in the schools, and in the work of arousing and directing public interest in physical upbuilding as a fundamental educational object.

The specialist in school hygiene and sanitation cooperated with the committee on venereal diseases of the medical section of the Council of National Defense in the preparation of a pamphlet entitled "Keeping Fit," for high-school boys, which was issued under the joint auspices of the Council of National Defense and this bureau. The pamphlet includes information in regard to the principal causes for rejection of drafted men and a clear statement of sex hygiene

and sex morality. He has prepared a plan for a thoroughgoing program of physical education in the high school and an analytical summary of State laws for physical education. He also prepared a schematic plan for physical education in colleges as an integral part of the military training program for the use of the advisory board of the Committee on Education and Special Training of the War Department. This covered plan of examination, classification for training and treatment, time factor, classification and graduation of physical training exercises. With the cooperation of a committee of the American Public Health Association, an investigation of "School closing as a means of combating epidemics" has been begun.

The services of the special agent in school-house construction and sanitation are frequently sought by school boards to assist them in planning school buildings. For this purpose he visited during the year the cities of Memphis, Tenn., Montgomery, Ala., Richmond, Ky., and Little Rock, Ark. In other cases advice was given through correspondence.

A conference on physical education was held at Atlantic City, N. J., under the auspices of the bureau on February 26, 1918, which resulted in the adoption of a program calling for Federal legislation for the promotion of physical education.

COMMERCIAL EDUCATION.

With the cooperation of the Association of Urban Universities, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, and local committees in the selected cities, arrangements have been made for an investigation as to the need for trained service in the conduct of foreign trade and to determine how the schools and colleges can best meet that need. This investigation will cover the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Akron, Cincinnati, New Orleans, St. Louis, Chicago, Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco. Plans are now being made to carry on a similar investigation of all cities in the United States having more than 25,000 inhabitants.

There were prepared and distributed courses of study in commercial education for use in elementary schools, high schools, colleges, universities, and private business schools.

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION.

The principal work accomplished in the field of general school administration, aside from surveys, consisted of a bulletin on summer sessions in city schools, a digest of State laws relating to libraries, and a digest of educational legislation enacted in 1916 and 1917. The history of education in Arizona was completed and issued as Bulletin,