APPENDIXES Distribution and allocation of manpower: A-1. Army. A-2. Navy A-3. Marine Corps A-4. Air Force Organization for manpower control: B-1. Army B-2. Navy B-3. Marine Corps B-4. Air Force C. Enlisted manpower procurement D. The military rotation base, DOD report E. Reduction in length of overseas tours, DOD report F. Manpower aspects of contractual services, DOD report G. Use of contract Services, AFR 25-6 H. Utilization of enlisted personnel on personal staffs DOD Directive 1315.9 I. Use of military personnel in commissary sales stores DOD Directive 1315.10 J. Comparative analysis of Federal compensation provided civilian employees and members of the Armed Forces K. Previous studies, recommendations and action taken on defense manpower problems L. Selected manpower statistics APPENDIX A-1 ALLOCATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL-870,000-MAN ARMY SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 1. The purpose of this paper is to explain the manner in which the U.S. Army uses its strength of 870,000 to meet its assigned responsibilities. Before going into the subject in detail, it is important to review some of the broader considerations influencing the allocation of Army resources. 2. First, there is the expanding pressure of the total Communist strategy pressing outward in all fields of endeavor and supported by a power base which encompasses political, economic, and military power. The military component provides impressive capabilities over the entire spectrum of possible military action. Opposing this Communist military power is the free world interlocking system of collective security, with the United States as the keystone which ties together some 46 countries in common defense. At the same time, there is the breathtaking pace of technological advance, tremendously complicating the problem of weapons selection and strategy. 3. No one can predict with certainty how the United States may be called upon to use its military power. Our integrated land, sea, and air forces may be engaged in nonnuclear operations, from a small scale expedition to a large scale war. They may be required to fight in a general nuclear war. Collective security, so essential to the free world, nevertheless complicates the problem. It requires that forces be stationed overseas; it inevitably influences our selection of courses of action in war; and it means that we must be ready to fight alongside allied forces, which will often need considerable support from the United States in the form of troops, logistics, and military know-how. 4. In the present contest of power, the United States must maintain its longrange nuclear attack forces-adequate, protected and continually modernized so that the U.S.S.R. will not be tempted to use its nuclear attack capability against the United States. Under a condition in which both the United States and he U.S.S.R. maintain comparable strategic nuclear attack forces, neither having the capability of destroying enough of the other's nuclear strike to prevent receiving unacceptable damage, the result will be that the long-range nuclear capabilities of the United States and the U.S.S.R. will in effect counterbalance each other. Thus the conflict will become one in which the operative element of military power will be integrated land, sea, and air forces utilizing the complete arsenal of advanced, but not solely nuclear, weapons. This amounts to the employment of these elements in a modernized yet basically traditional form. This in turn leads to a renewed emphasis on men; an emphasis particularly felt by the Army since land forces, which alone can control the land masses of the world and the people who inhabit them, depend to a large degree on man. Although modern weapons and equipment will always be exploited to the fullest, men of skill and strength-men in numbers will remain essential. 5. In this overall framework, both the Congress and the executive branch are faced with complex and difficult decisions on how the Nation's resources can best be allocated for its defense. The Army has similar problems. Its size and resources have contracted, while the requirements which have been placed on it have increased. SECTION II. ARMY RESPONSIBILITIES AND BASIC CONCEPT 6. The basic responsibilities of the U.S. Army are— To maintain forces in readiness.—This involves the development and maintenance in the United States and overseas of continually modernized operating forces, including combat and supporting components, together with the continental base necessary to sustain these forces in peace and war. These forces include forces for land combat and forces for continental air defense. The two forces are directly related; the Army contribution to continental air defense is an extension of the Army's capability for tactical, mobile air defense of its land forces, and there is interchangeability in men and material between the two. To provide for expansion of the Army upon mobilization.—This involves the maintenance of readily mobilizable Reserve components, and the mobilization base, comprising training and logistic elements, for their support. These forces must be prepared to reinforce Active Army forces in conditions short of war and in limited and general war. Today, with the disappearance of the advantage of time and space offered the United States in the past, this capability assumes even greater importance. To provide support to allied, national, defense and interservice activities in furtherance of national policies and objectives.-This involves the performance of tasks not directly contributing to the maintenance of forces in readi ness and the mobilization base, but which the Army is called upon to perform because of its capabilities and assigned functions. Performance of these tasks contributes substantially to the U.S. defense effort. 7. There are two basic principles on which the Army allocates its resources These are Within available resources, to provide for the maximum strength in forces in readiness for land combat and for air defense of the continental United States, while at the same time to provide the essential base for the suppor of these ready forces and for mobilization. Within the forces in readiness, to provide the maximum strength in comba: units including combat divisions while at the same time to provide the essen tial supporting components for immediate entry into combat, relying on s later augmentation of supporting forces to achieve a full capability for sus tained land combat. 8. Basic to Army allocation of resources is the fact that the U.S. Army is designed to fight in any part of the world, and over 40 percent of its strengt is located in widely separated areas overseas at the end of supply lines thousand of miles in length. In this and other respects its situation differs from that the Soviet Army, which is designed to fight closely supported, one-continent lar warfare on the Eurasian land mass. SECTION III. STRENGTH NOT AVAILABLE FOR PRIMARY ARMY MISSIONS 9. Prior to examining the manner in which the Army allocates its strength: meet its responsibilities, it is necessary to review that portion of Army streng which is not fully available to the Army to carry out its primary missions. Allied, national, defense, and interservice support* 10. Approximately 49,000 personnel who are engaged in support of U.S. alli In order to describe more clearly the use of personnel, this presentation uses te and groupings somewhat different from the categories of forces used in personnel rep ing. Normally, forces are classified Operating Forces. Supporting Forces, Special Act ties, Training Forces, and Transients and Patients. As an example, the category "Cor and Combat Support Forces" in this presentation is generally consistent with "Opera Forces" of the reporting procedure normally used. national and defense activities and agencies, and other services are for practical purposes not available to the Army for assignment to units in its forces in readiness and other tasks. These include personnel performing tasks pertaining to the support of the United Nations, Allied nations, U.S. Government agencies, joint military tasks, activities of the other U.S. Armed Services and other types of functions. For example: The Army provides more than 5,000 personnel to support allies and other friendly nations in military assistance advisory groups and military missions. Army personnel are actually serving in or directly supporting Allied Headquarters, organizations and boards such as SHAPE, SEATO, Brazil Defense Commission, and the Inter-American Defense Board. Within the Department of Defense Army personnel are utilized in activities such as the Office, Secretary of Defense, the Office, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army elements of the headquarters and staffs of unified commands and other joint agencies. A significant number of Army personnel are required in major activities in direct support of the other U.S. armed services. Typical of these are the operation of ports for the Air Force in the Azores, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Canada, and Morocco, and the provision of engineer construction battalions in support of the Air Force. 11. In addition to the above, Army personnel throughout the world are involved in a number of wide variety of less formalized activities such as hospitalization, vehicle maintenance, operation and maintenance of facilities, and training in support of the other U.S. Armed Services and other agencies. The size of this interservice support is admittedly quite difficult to evaluate, and the U.S. Army, of course, receives support from the other services. However, neither the Army personnel supporting other services in this manner, nor those of other services supporting the Army, are readily available to the Army for use in its primary missions. 12. One of the most important areas in which the Army provides personnel to operate or support other than strictly Army activities is that of the Army Secruity Agency. Army personnel spread throughout the world are involved in the activities of this organization, performing a complex and specialized task, the end products of which are shared by the entire national intelligence community. It is difficult to assess what proportion of the efforts of this group relate directly to the Army and what part is included in support of other agencies. Transients and patients 13. The 19,900 personnel who are at any one time transients and patients are a necessary element of the Army but for all practical purposes are not available for assignment to units. The transient figure includes an average of 17,100 troops in travel status at any one time. While continuing efforts have been and are being made to compress this figure, it is now close to the minimum consistent with legal and other conditions under which the Army must operate. This number of transients results from an operationally deployed Army which rotates its personnel to and from overseas at reasonable intervals for vital morale considerations as well as the legal requirements of the draft period. The number of long-term hosiptal patients is relatively stable at approximately 2,800. Summary 14. The troops in these categories amount to some 68,900 of the 870,000-man Army. The net effect is that only 801,100 men of the authorized 870,000 strength are directly available for the Army's primary missions. The reduction in fully available strength is even greater considering that these 68,900 must be trained, administered, and supported by the rest of the Army. The training mission SECTION IV. TRAINING AND SCHOOLS 15. The training mission of the Army deserves particular attention at the outset both because of its vital importance to all elements of the Army-combat and support, active and Reserve and because a very large part of the Army is engaged in this essential mission, which is increasingly important in times of rapid technological change. The training mission involves training the new enlisted or inducted soldier, his advanced and specialist training where necessary, and schooling for officers and noncommissioned officers. Members of the Reserve components, other services, and U.S. allies are also served by the training establishment. However, the personnel involved in training, whether they be trainees or trainers, students or faculty members, are in effect not available for use on the other types of missions which the Army must perform in peacetime. These personnel are found in the training centers, school systems, and Reserve component training activities of the active Army. Training centers 16. The training system utilized within the Army provides for basic and advanced individual training of the soldier, after induction or enlistment, in an Army training center before he is sent to a unit. In view of the worldwide commitments of the Army, the complicated requirement involved in fulfilling these commitments, and the rapid turnover of personnel stemming from the 2-year period of service, this system is the most economical and efficient that can be devised to meet the Army's needs. Furthermore, the statutory requirement that a soldier must receive a minimum of 16 weeks of basic training before being sent into combat, coupled with the fact that the majority of the combat forces are deployed overseas and thus susceptible to combat, and the necessity that combat units in the continental United States be ready for overseas deployment, fairly well dictates the use of the present or a similar system. This system insures the maximum degree of personnel stability among the combat units and relieves them of the requirement to administer individual training, thus permitting them to concentrate upon more advanced unit training and maintain a higher degree of combat readiness. It also insures a uniform standard of individual training, and by concentration of effort permits easier supervision with the resultant increased capability to maintain high standards. The above does not imply that individual and special training is not also performed in units, at home or abroad. This training system, with its 10 Army training centers, accomplishes the majority of the recruit training of the Army. However, because active Army facilities and trainers are required in the Army training centers to accommodate the Reserve Forces Act (RFA) trainees, several thousand Active Army recruits receive their basic training in STRAF units each year. There are approximately 79,400 Active Army personnel engaged as trainers, trainees or supporting the training centers. Army schools 17. The Army school system consists of participation in 3 joint colleges and the operation of 2 service colleges, 19 branch service schools, 11 specialist schools, and several Department of the Army separate courses designed to meet specific training needs. It includes the U.S. Military Academy and a USMA preparatory school. The Army school system is designed to provide an economical means of providing training against personnel requirements when such training is not available elsewhere or can be accomplished more effectively or economically than in units, other Army installations, or in civilian institutions. During fiscal year 1959 the average number of resident students in attendance in the Army school system approximated 32,000 (input approximately 137,000). About 65 percent of the total school load is devoted to the provision of school training for untrained accessions to the Army and the balance to the provision of training for Active Army personnel (who attend short courses on a TDY basis), RFA personnel, USAR and NG personnel (not on EAD), personnel from other services. and civilian personnel from various government agencies. One of the greatest sources of strength in the Army is the relatively high percentage of school-trained personnel. The concept of concentration on the system of Army schools paid remarkable dividends in the rapid buildup of U.S. military forces at the outset of World War II and was one of the key factors in the successful buildup of U.S. military forces between 1950 and 1953. In addition to the provision of instruction for resident students, Army service schools also prepare and conduct nonresident instruction for Active Army and Reserve component personnel (enrollment approximately 165,000), and devote a large part of their effort to the development of Army doctrine and techniques. Each year 3,350 officers and men of other services and 7,500 students from as many as 60 nations go through the Army school system. To perform this manifold instructional and doctrinal job for the Active Army and Reserve components, and for the other services and Allied nations, amount ing to some 302,000 resident and nonresident students, 29,300 personnel, including staff, faculty, school troops, and station complement, are utilized in running the Army school system. The average resident student load (man-years) for U.S. Army personnel who attend school in a permanent change of station status (long term courses for prior service personnel and varied course lengths for non-prior-service personnel) is 25,000. This, plus 1,800 USMA cadets also counted as students, and the 29,300 above, accounts for 56,100 of the Army's personnel. Reserve component training 18. Approximately 12,400 personnel are utilized for administration and training of reserve components. This figure does not include the several thousand engaged in training Reserve Forces Act trainees. These personnel provide 49 adviser and training groups for the 400,000-man Army National Guard; 14 corps headquarters; 55 adviser and training groups for the Army Reserve, including its 300,000 paid drill strength; and 360 adviser groups for the Reserve Officers Training Corps. This entire group of personnel is identified with the mobilization base of the Army. Their mission is to guide and assist the units of the National Guard and Army Reserve with their administration and training and to develop Reserve officers who now comprise approximately two-thirds of the total Active Army officer corps. They are responsible for insuring that the Reserve components are fully trained as time and resources will permit so that if any or all of them are required, they can be brought into active service immediately in the highest possible state of training and readiness. Summary 19. Thus, the total Army training activity and its supporting complement amounts to 147,900, of which 79,400 are in training centers, 56,100 are in the Army school system, and 12,400 are in Reserve component training. SECTION V. COMBAT AND COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES 20. The distribution of the remaining 653,200 strength will be described by discussing first the combat and combat support forces of the Army which account for 578,000 of this strength. This includes both forces for land combat and forces for continental air defense. Concept of sustained land combat 21. The concept of sustained land combat embraces The development and maintenance in the United States and overseas of modernized balanced field forces including combat and supporting components. Forces capable of combat in conjunction with air and sea forces and the armed forces of our allies over extended distances and for extended periods of time. The administrative and logistic support necessary to sustain these forces. 22. Within this concept, U.S. Army land forces must be ready for any mission, from continental land warfare to jungle and desert operations, and for such special operations as amphibious or airborne. Of necessity, they must be dualcapable, that is ready for either nuclear war or nonnuclear war under a nuclear threat. And wherever and however they may go into action, whether it be a nonatomic war in southeast Asia, a defense of South Korea against renewed aggression, in which tactical atomic weapons are used, an expedition short of war in the Middle East, or the defense of Western Europe against Soviet attack, with or without the use of thermonuclear weapons, the combat forces must be immediately effective even at the end of supply lines which may extend hundreds of miles. Over these lines, considerable logistical support must also be provided for accompanying forces of other U.S. services, such as tactical air and Marine divisions, and to a greater or lesser degree for forces of U.S. allies. Supplies must be brought forward, casualties evacuated, and the manifold construction, communication, maintenance and other needs of the forces in the field provided, primarily by U.S. Army logistical troops. 23. Since the balanced field force must both fight and sustain itself, it is a composite of units performing combat, combat support, and administrative and logistic support functions. Combat forces.-Combat forces are the forces which attack the enemy by fire and maneuver, which block his advance and throw back or destroy his attacking forces, and which seize, occupy, and defend those critical land areas the control of which in the last analysis determines the outcome of the battle. These include |