likewise, taken the liberty of forwarding you a sample of it, which, however, is of a better quality than the whey-cheese generally occurring in the market, and which would fetch about 50 öre per pound (7d. per lb.). It is prepared from the whey of cow and goat milk. In those parts of the country where fuel is cheap, the preparing of the common cow-milk whey-cheese conduces essentially to raise the price of milk. As it chiefly consists of milk-sugar, it constitutes a wholesome food for the lower classes, among whom it is largely consumed.* To what I have previously stated regarding the dairy-factories, I beg to add some notices respecting one which was little knowh when I last wrote to you, but which has now attracted general attention. A farmer who resides in the neighbourhood of Stockholm, and who, though almost blind, has nevertheless devoted himself, with unshrinking energy and great perseverance, both to the theoretical study and the practical management of butter and cheesemaking, commenced a few years ago purchasing milk from neighbouring farms for making butter; the skim-milk being partly sold in the markets of Stockholm, and partly made into skim-milk cheese. The favourable result of his endeavours caused him gradually to extend this business, for which purpose, and in order to obtain an easy sale for the butter-milk, he established a central dairy in the capital, to which cream was brought from the numerous places where the milk was received from neighbouring farmers; the unsold skim-milk, on the other hand, being made into cheese at the places where the milk was delivered, and where branch dairies were erected. This business has, within a few years, been extended to such a degree, that during this spring the quantity of milk purchased by the farmer and employed in the above-mentioned manner has amounted to 4000 gallons per day. During a previous year he had associated with himself a capitalist, likewise warmly interested in this branch of husbandry. The production of milk, however, being constantly on the increase, and its price having on account of that considerably diminished, the partners have now decided upon transferring the entire business to a limited company, for the purpose of extending it in such a manner as circumstances may require, and render profitable. Of this company, they themselves are the largest shareholders. Feeling a warm interest in the development of this industry, so important to our agriculture, and being likewise a shareholder of this company, I have taken an active part in its organisation, and * Vide the following Paper by Dr. Voelcker, p. 333. am therefore able to give trustworthy information relative to this dairy-factory, which perhaps may prove of some interest to you also. The object of the company is to purchase milk at different places, situated within the provinces surrounding the lake "Mälar," for the making of butter, cheese, and other dairy products, partly on the spots where the milk is delivered from the surrounding farms, and partly at the central-dairy at Stockholm. The branch factories are to be established partly near railway stations in daily communication with the central factory, and partly at places from which a daily communication with the capital cannot be reckoned on all the year round, and which latter, on that account, must be so arranged as to be able to carry on a more independent existence. All these dairy-factories are under one and the same direction, consisting of five shareholders, annually elected at the general meeting of the company, among whom the Chairman and the Managing Director must reside in Stockholm, or its neighbourhood. The salary of the chairman amounts to 1000 Sw. dollars (551.); that of the managing director to 5000 Sw. dollars (2757.); and that of the three other directors to 500 Sw. dollars (277. 10s.) each. The board of directors authorizes both the purchase of the milk, and the manner of employing the same, as also the sale of the manufactured produce. The board appoints and dismisses the assistants and clerks. The managing director has to effect the purchase of the milk and the selling of the produce; both, however, in conformity with a plan previously drawn up by the board of directors; he alone engages and dismisses workmen and women, both at the central and the branch dairies. The board of directors meets once a month at least, the chairman exercising a general supervision in the intervals. To other members of the board is committed the superintendence of certain districts, according to a division agreed upon between themselves, Branch dairies, at places which are in daily communication with the capital all the year round, are established by the board of directors whenever and wheresoever they find it advisable. The establishment of branch dairies in districts which are deprived of daily communication with the capital requires more direct co-operation between the company and the neighbouring dairy farmers; but such dairies are always established as soon as sufficient means, by subscription for shares, have been obtained at the place, and a guarantee has been given for the delivery of the requisite quantity of milk. The annual profits of the company, after all the expenses and disbursements, as well as salaries, have been paid, and 20 per cent. of the value of the plant has been deducted, are to be disposed of in the following manner : (a) 6 per cent. interest is to be paid to the shareholders on their presenting the coupons of interest. (b) Of the remainder, one-tenth is to be set apart for a reserve fund, which, in the event of a bad season or other circumstance causing the balance to be so small as not to cover the interest at the rate of 6 per cent. on the shares, may be employed in supplying the deficiency. (c) What thereafter remains is to be divided between the directors, the shareholders, and the purveyors of the milk, in such a manner that the directors receive one-fourth, and the shareholders and milk-purveyors the remaining three-fourths. (d) The amount falling to the share of the directors is divided in such a manner that the managing director receives one-half, the chairman one-fourth, and the other directors the remaining fourth, to be divided in equal shares among them. (e) The division of the balance between the shareholders and the purveyors of the milk is made so that those purveyors who have furnished the factories during the whole of the previous year with milk to an amount of not less than 5000 "kannor" (2900 gallons), shall for each 2500 "kannor" (1450 gallons) delivered at any dairy of the company, partake in the division equal to one share. The milk from the different farms that have entered into contracts with the company for the delivery of that produce is conveyed, every morning and evening, immediately after the milking, to the nearest of the sixty stations at present fixed by the company for receiving the milk. It is there poured into tin vessels holding about 14 "kannor" (8 gallons), 20 x 13 inches each, which are placed in water, cooled so as to be from 36 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and are left there until the cream has risen. The skimmed cream is conveyed by railway or steamer (during the winter also on roads) to the central factory, where it is made into butter in five churns, worked by a steam-engine of 4-horse power, by which 5000 pounds of butter can be churned per day. At some of the branch factories, where at least 500 gallons of milk per day may be obtained, the company intend to try the production of Cheddar cheese, but at present that description of cheese is not made. The butter is exported; the skim-milk cheese, prepared in the Dutch manner, finds a good market at home. With regard to the quality of the butter, the most flattering testimony has lately been received from London factors. The capital of the company is fixed at 55,000Z., but as soon as 80007. were subscribed-which was done in two days-the comVOL. VI.-S.S.2 A pany commenced its operations. The calculation on which the company was formed is abridged as follows: Receipts. Supposing that 3 million "kannor" milk (= 1,700,000 gallons) are Of the remaining 1,900,000 "kannor" of skim-milk, calculating that Of the cream employed in the making of the butter, viz, 500,000 Total receipts (40,7137. 15s.) Expenses. For the purchase of 3 million "kannor" milk, the price of which is Wood and coal employed at the central factory .. Dollars. 463,250 90,000 167,000 20,000 740,250 Dollars. 570,000 12,500 milk 3,750 1,000 7,500 10,000 6,000 5,000 7,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 30,000 10,000 2,500 Rent and hire of buildings 7 horses at the central factory Other costs of carriage and transports .. Amortisation of the expenses of buildings, machinery, &c. Sundry expenses, such as writing materials, postage, medical attend ance, &c. Total expenses (38,2387. 15s.).. Surplus (24757.) The attention this enterprise has here called forth has given rise to proposals for the forming of several similar companies within different parts of this country, to which result perhaps also your very interesting description of the cheese factories in North America, translated by me into Swedish and lately published, has not a little conduced. XVII.-On a Peculiar Kind of Swedish Whey Cheese, and on Norwegian Goats'-Milk Cheese. By Dr. AUGUSTUS Voelcker, F.R.S. THE following is the composition of a kind of whey cheese made in Sweden, which was sent to me recently for examination by Mr. Jenkins: The composition of this peculiar kind of cheese differs materially from that of ordinary skim-milk cheese, as will be seen by comparing the preceding figures with the subjoined analyses of 2 samples of skim-milk cheese, which I published some years ago in my paper on the Composition of Cheese in this Journal. Composition of Two Samples of Skim-milk Cheese. Ordinary skim-milk cheese, especially when made from milk which had been skimmed several times like that employed in making the second sample of skim-milk cheese, is poor in fatty matter (butter) and in milk-sugar. The latter constituent of milk for the greater part remains dissolved in the whey, from which the cheese is separated by straining and pressure. the other hand, skim-milk cheese, although firm, contains a On |