Mr. VAUGHN. The final point I would like to cover, Mr. Chairman, do has to do with the financial implications of what I have been describing. Our previous congressional submission, which was based on the smaller recruitment program anticipated; that is, of a 9,200 trainee input for the current program year, and without the required changes in training, totaled $107.7 million, and an estimated unobligated balance of $6.4 million for fiscal year 1966.

Our current estimate totals $113.1 million, with an unobligated balance of $1 million for fiscal year 1966. The difference between the two estimates is $5.3 million and is the result of the following changes. The pretraining costs-that is, civil service investigations and health examinations for about 1,000 additional trainees account for ap proximately $400,000. In training, the roughly 1,000 additional trainees at $2,900 each comes to $2,900,000. The increased cost of training of $300 per trainee for the 9,200 trainees previously programed comes to $2.8 million and increased trainee travel cost is $200,000. This totals $6.3 million.

On the other hand, overseas expenses have been decreased by $600,000. International activities, under title III, show a $100,000 decrease and a $200,000 decrease in readjustment allowances estimated. Finally, administrative expenses decreased by $100,000. The total decrease, therefore, will be $1 million. The net increase then occasioned by our higher recruitment figure for the current program year is $5.3 million. I would be pleased to submit for the record a detailed itemized accounting of this breakdown, sir.

(The information may be found on pp. 86-87, 90-93.)

Chairman MORGAN. Mr. Vaughn, the last part of your testimony was very interesting to me. The Peace Corps was established March 1, 1961, by Executive order. The initial financing came from the mutual security funds to the amount of $1,620,000. Following that in fiscal 1962 we had a larger appropriation. You have always returned to the Treasury a considerable amount of money. In 1961, you returned $166,000 out of the $1 million, and in 1962, $1,940,000 of a $30 million appropriation. In 1963, out of $63 million, $3.8 million was returned. In 1964 you returned $19 million out of approximately $92 million.

This year I see that the amount you have returned is smaller. Your testimony has indicated that your training program has been increased at higher cost and that your unobligated balance for return to the Treasury will be about a million dollars.

Mr. VAUGHN. Yes. I think the main criterion to be looked at is the per volunteer per year cost. This year there is a $44 increase over the average per volunteer cost of last year, and this is all attributable to increased training costs. I think, however, that we can continue to reduce the average cost per volunteer in coming years, certainly next year, and I intend to do that.

Chairman MORGAN. How are you going to be able to do that? You have an increase this year and yet next year you say there will be a decrease.

Mr. VAUGHN. We plan to make certain economies and changes in our training activity. We plan to hire more ex-volunteers and fewer $75-a-day professors, for example. We plan, in virtually all cases, not to train projects that have fewer than 40 trainees. I like very much the idea of being able to experiment, to tailor a small group to a special situation to meet a special request, but we have found that when we

reduce the number of trainees down to the level of 15 or 20, the per trainee costs skyrocket. I feel it is time we made a hard decision on this. Except in really special cases we will not train groups of 15, 20, or 25 trainees because instead of an average cost of $2,900 it goes up to $3,500, $4,000, $4,500. I don't think that is good business.

Chairman MORGAN. Mr. Vaughn, I know you served in the Peace Corps in the early days and left the Peace Corps to become an Ambassador and an Assistant Secretary of State and now have returned to the Peace Corps. Up to June 30, 1966, we had appropriated approximately $252 million for the Peace Corps and if the request this year is authorized and you receive the appropriation, the total expenditure of the taxpayer will amount to over $360 million.

Do you feel on the basis of your experience in the Peace Corps and as a member of the executive branch of Government, that this investment of $360 million has been a good one.

Mr. VAUGHN. I feel, Mr. Chairman, that it has been a good investment based on progress and accomplishment to date. When you add to that the long-range accomplishments that are built into what the Peace Corps does, I think it is more than worthwhile.

I don't know anyone who can tell us the best yardstick to use, what criteria we should use or the taxpayer should use to measure the accomplishments of the Peace Corps.

We could say, for example, that Peace Corps volunteers to date have taught more than 1,100,000 youngsters around the world. I don't think that is as important as the fact that they have taught them not to memorize but to think for themselves, given them new ideas and dealt with them in a little different way, not in an authoritarian way.

I am not sure that we can ever come to an agreed criterion for measuring the worth of the Peace Corps because so much of what happens is not very measurable. It is intangible. It is the story of communities which have been unknown to us and to which we have been imperialists or warmongers. They see volunteers and find this is not

the case.

I think Peace Corps volunteers most likely have exploded more myths than any other group that has represented the United States abroad.

Chairman MORGAN. Thank you, Mr. Vaughn. My time has expired.

Mrs. Bolton.

Mrs. BOLTON. I have really had my time.

Chairman MORGAN. Mrs. Kelly.

Mrs. KELLY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Vaughn, I have a couple of short questions. I will be very frank, I haven't read all the material in front of me, so if I ask anything that is set forth in detail in the book just refer to that, will you please.

Under the new program are there any particular countries with which you expect to participate in these exchange programs? Mr. VAUGHN. With regard to the Exchange Peace Corps?

Mrs. KELLY. Yes.

Mr. VAUGHN. Yes. We have had preliminary discussions with 17.
Mrs. KELLY. In Africa and South America; is that correct?
Mr. VAUGHN. And others.

Mrs. KELLY. Those are primarily the two; is that right?
Mr. VAUGHN. Yes.

Mrs. KELLY. In the school program, with what level of government will you deal? Is it the community, city, state, or nation? Mr. VAUGHN. We have dealt mainly with very small communities. Mrs. KELLY. You will work at the community level; is that correct? Mr. VAUGHN. Yes. Those communities, Mrs. Kelly, which have never had a school and which want one and are prepared to contribute their land, labor, and materials.

Mrs. KELLY. Is this the local government?

Mr. VAUGHN. Not the local government. There usually isn't any. It is the local citizenry who get together and form a committee to build the school.

Mrs. KELLY. Will any group available be permitted to enter this program? Will you include church schools?

Mr. VAUGHN. I don't think we would exclude any group of citizens that wanted to build a school.

Mrs. KELLY. Could you put that in writing, please?

Mr. VAUGHN. Surely.

(The following information has been submitted for inclusion in the record at this point:)

PARTICIPANTS IN THE SCHOOL-TO-SCHOOL PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM

A prime objective of the school-to-school program is to get a U.S. school meaningfully involved with a school in another country. It is hoped that in working toward a common goal, the children of the two communities will become interested in learning more about each other and their respective countries; that through the exchange of letters and ideas a foundation of mutual understanding and respect will be built between the students and continue after the actual school is completed. Because a close relationship between students is the key to the school-to-school program, the following qualifications for participation in the program have been established:

1. Individual U.S. public and/or private schools, classrooms, student bodies and other school groups may contribute toward the construction of schools overseas.

2. School-related organizations such as the PTA, a specific school, or school district may participate providing the students participate in the fund raising. 3. Local community groups or organizations may participate providing they do so in conjunction with a school.

Therefore, any school, group, or organization, public or private, which can meet the above qualifications for participation, will not be excluded from the program. Mrs. KELLY. Then your volunteers

Mr. HAYS. Are you talking about the same thing, you two, are you talking about building schools

Mr. VAUGHN. The school-to-school program.

Mr. HAYS. You say any group can build the school; do you mean in the United States?

Mr. VAUGHN. No; I was talking, Congressman Hays, about a group in a village overseas which would get together and be willing to con tribute their share to get the school built.

Mrs. KELLY. In reference to your training program, the trainee here in the United States is sent for training to a city, or college, or some other location. I notice here in the book a speech prepared by one of the heads of the department of the State of New York. Therefore my question to you is: Do you work with the board of the State of New York or do you deal with the city? What I am trying to find out is, With what level do you deal in New York? I am limiting myself to New York.

Mr. VAUGHN. Your question concerns the level

Mrs. KELLY. How do you arrange for training your students in the New York area? Let me put it that way.

Mr. VAUGHN. Your question now is dealing with the Exchange Peace Corps?

Mrs. KELLY. Yes.

Mr. VAUGHN. We have felt in the planning of this, Mrs. Kelly, we should deal at all levels with the hope of getting optimum placement. We have dealt with municipalities. We haven't dealt with themMrs. KELLY. In New York City you hope to deal with the New York City Board of Education?

Mr. VAUGHN. Or with a borough of New York City or with an individual school.

Mrs. KELLY. You are not dealing only with the government and municipality of the city or with the State. You even are going to work directly with the school?

Mr. VAUGHN. Yes.

Mrs. KELLY. At the present time do you have any volunteers in New York City?

Mr. VAUGHN. To my knowledge, the only volunteers who have come here in recent years on a similar basis were five who were invited from India. One worked in New York City at the Henry Street Settlement House. They also worked in Appalachia, Cleveland, and elsewhere.

Mrs. KELLY. In your training of volunteers to go abroad, are you training them anywhere in New York State?

Mr. VAUGHN. Yes.

Mrs. KELLY. Could you tell me where you are training them?
Mr. VAUGHN. Surely. I will give you the full list.

(The information follows:)

PEACE CORPS TRAINING IN NEW YORK STATE FOR PROGRAM YEAR 1966

Columbia University:

Kenya: secondary education, Fall 1965.

Uganda: secondary education, Fall 1965.

India: urban community development, Fall 1965.

Somalia: education and legal assistance, Spring 1965.

Ghana: secondary math and science teaching, Summer 1966.

New York University: Turkey: child care, Summer 1966.

Ithaca College: Uruguay: community development, sports, Summer 1966.

State University of New York, Albany: India: youth clubs, vegetable gardening, Summer 1966.

Syracuse University:

Somalia: education, Fall 1965.

Tanzania: secondary education, Fall 1965.

Malawi: secondary education, Fall 1965.

Somalia: school construction, Summer 1966.

Tanzania: village settlement, Summer 1966.

Tanzania: vocational and agricultural teachers, Summer 1966.
Bechuanaland: education and cooperatives, Summer 1966.

Peru: community development, Summer 1966.

Mr. VAUGHN. One of the most interesting and important things that we are arranging at the present time is with a consortium, it is called SUNY State Universities of New York. It has a total faculty of some 17,000-I don't know what the total number of colleges and universities is. It is a group we are working with to help us in recruitment, training, and overseas staff and the rest. We have trained in a number of New York City universities

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES

Mrs. KELLY. It is only the universities; you are not training in study groups?

Mr. VAUGHN. In almost every case we have our practical training with such groups.

Mrs. KELLY. You have your practical training. Who decides where they go?

Mr. VAUGHN. The Peace Corps training officer who is in charge of the project and the project director work out with the technical studies man where they will work. I can remember, for example, back in 1962

Mrs. KELLY. Can I get to specifics? You may not have the information with you but I would like to know the setup as far as my county is concerned. Could you let me know what schools are involved in what area? Do you obtain their living quarters, or do they obtain those themselves?

(The following information has been supplied for inclusion in the record at this point:)

PEACE CORPS TRAINING IN NEW YORK'S 12TH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT During the fall 1963, Brooklyn College trained a group of nurses for a Peace Corps health project in Colombia. Peace Corps trainees were housed in the Y.W.C.A., Judson Residence Club, at 50 Nevins Street, Brooklyn.

At present there are no Peace Corps training programs at Brooklyn College, Downstate Medical College, or Catholic College of the Immaculate Conception.

Mr. VAUGHN. It works both ways. Sometimes they commute. Sometimes they are only there for a few weeks for their practical work in the slum areas.

Mrs. KELLY. This is completely under your program and it has nothing to do with the antipoverty program?

Mr. VAUGHN. Absolutely nothing.

Mrs. KELLY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman MORGAN. Mr. Broomfield.

Mr. BROOMFIELD. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Vaughn, I have a number of questions relative to your presentation. In your book that was submitted for fiscal year ending May, I notice on male volunteers that those under 20 and 25 total somewhere around 5,957. By the end of this fiscal year I see that has been increased to nearly 8,000. What I am concerned about is the military service of these young people. How many of them have completed their military service?

Mr. VAUGHN. We have this only for those who have returned. As of June 30, Mr. Congressman, 7,761 volunteers had completed their Peace Corps service and returned to the United States. Of this number about 55 percent, or 4,270 are males. We estimate that approximately 5 percent or 215 of this 4,270 are not eligible for the draft by reason of age or physical condition and that about 25 percent, roughly 1,075, have already completed their total military obligation or have only a Reserve obligation remaining.

Thus there are about 3,000 draft-eligible returned male volunteers. Of this figure we know of 134 who are presently serving in the military after completing their volunteer service. There are undoubtedly more that we have not heard about because in some cases if they don't write in to us or to the Career Information Service, they disappear from our view.