lodges Nos. 155 and 211, at Halifax. In 1795 this lodge "rebelled" against the authority of the Provincial Grand Lodge, at Halifax, by which it had been warranted as No. 17. On September 7, 1796, its warrant was withdrawn by the Provincial Grand Lodge, and all its members, twenty-two in number, were "expelled for apostacy," etc.

On August 7, 1789, an authorization was given by "J. Parr, Grand Master," and "signed" by "J. Peters, Grand Secretary," at Halifax, to Rev. John Beardsley, as Deputy Grand Master and others, to "open and hold a Grand Lodge, within twenty-one days" from the receipt of the said authorization, "between the hours of ten o'clock in the morning and eight o'clock in the evening; and to continue open during the space of three hours and no longer, and solemnly constitute and install Samuel Ryerse, Master; Abraham de Peyster, Senior Warden; and Caleb Mallery, Junior Warden, of St. George's Lodge, No. 19; at the house of Brother Nathaniel Underhill, in the township of Maugerville, in the County of Sunbury, New Brunswick."

On August 22, 1792, a warrant was granted by the Provincial Grand Lodge at Halifax, to Ephraim Betts and others, at St. Ann's (now Fredericton, the capital of New Brunswick), for Solomon's Lodge, No. 22; and now No. 6, Registry of New Brunswick. In 1783 correspondence had passed between a Brother Jared Betts, of that town, and "J. Peters, Secretary, Master's Lodge, (211), Halifax." Brother Betts said he had been Master of "Lodge No. 535"; and that he had the old warrant thereof, "granted by Dermott, Grand Master of Ireland" (!); and also that he had been "installed in Lodge No. 512, in South Carolina, held in His Majesty's 63d Regiment of Foot."

In 1792 Brother Joseph Peters, who had been Postmaster-General of Nova Scotia, at Halifax, removed to St. John, to organize the postal department of New Brunswick. Brother Peters, as Secretary of Lodge No. 211, Halifax, among others, signed a memorial to the Atholl Grand Lodge, England, praying for a warrant to constitute a Provincial Grand Lodge for Nova Scotia, on November 22, 1781; and again, on November 27, 1792. This warrant was granted of date, June 2, 1784 (see Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia). Brother Peters was Provincial Grand Secretary, 1786-1792.

On June 7, 1826, J. Albro, Provincial Grand Master, Halifax, appointed Benjamin L. Peters, Deputy Grand Master for the city of St. John and the town of St. Andrew's, New Brunswick.

On November 29, 1826, certain "resolves " of "censure and threatenings " were passed by the Grand Lodge at Halifax, against some brethren in Halifax, who had applied for a warrant to the Grand Lodge of Scotland; but it was further "resolved" that the aforesaid "censures," etc., should not apply to the Royal Arch Chapter at St. John, in New Brunswick, under warrant from Scotland, provided its members, jointly and severally, pay due obedience to the Grand Lodge (at Halifax), and comply with the rules and regulations at present in force under it, or which it may at any time enact !

On March 10, 1829, a warrant, No. 52, was made out by the Provincial Grand Lodge at Halifax, for Albion Lodge, No. 841, R. E., St. John, New Brunswick Thomas Leavitt, Worshipful Master; William Durant, Senior Warden; and Robert Ray, Junior Warden. This lodge, formerly, also, No. 400, R. E., is now No. 1, Registry of New Brunswick.

There is much concerning other early and later lodges in New Brunswick, of very great local and general interest and importance to the Craft.

Prince Edward Island. On the 23d day of June, 1875, the Grand Lodge of Prince Edward Island, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, was organized by the following eight lodges, being all then working in the Province St. John's, King Hiram, St. George, Alexandra, Mount Lebanon, and True Brothers, all of the Registry of England; and Victoria, Registry of Scotland.

The constitution of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick was adopted mutatis mutandis. The Honorable John Yeo was elected Grand Master, and Brother B. Wilson Higgs, Grand Secretary. The Grand officers were installed on the following day, June 24th, by Most Worshipful Brother John V. Ellis, Grand Master of New Brunswick.

The Grand Lodge of Prince Edward Island is in fraternal correspondence with all the Grand Lodges in Canada, the United States, and with some others abroad.

In 1882 a new constitution was adopted. In 1889 there were twelve lodges on its Registry, with a membership of about five hundred. During 1888 the income from all sources was $294.70. The balance in the treasury was $218.47. The fee for initiation in Charlottetown, the capital of the Province, is $20; in country lodges, $16.

In 1889-1890 a beginning had been made towards the erection of a Masonic Temple in the city of Charlottetown.

Manitoba. On May 12, 1875, the Grand Lodge of Manitoba, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, was formed at Fort Garry, now the city of Winnipeg, by the three following lodges: Prince Rupert, Lisgar, and Ancient Landmark, all of the Registry of Canada.

The Rev. W. C. Clarke, who had held the offices of Grand Chaplain, and Vice-President of the Board of General Purposes, in the Grand Lodge of Quebec, was elected Grand Master, and John H. Bell, Grand Secretary.

Manitoba has nine District Deputy Grand Masters. In 1889 there were forty lodges on the Registry, a thirteen-fold increase in thirteen years,— with a present membership of about seventeen hundred. In the same year there was a cash balance in the treasury of $334.70. Ten per cent of the total receipts of the Grand Lodge are set aside for a general Benevolent Fund. The minimum fee for initiation, passing, and raising, is $25. The annual lodge dues are $3. The library contains about one thousand volumes. Two lodges own the halls in which they meet.

The Grand Lodge of Manitoba is in fraternal correspondence with nearly all the regular Grand Lodges throughout the world. It was incorporated, in 1884, by the legislature of the Province. Private lodges may become incorporated by filing the necessary papers with the Provincial Secretary.

In 1878 a schism occurred over the question of "ritual," and a rival Grand body was formed. Peace was happily restored, 1879, on the following basis: "That each lodge in the jurisdiction, or that may hereafter be formed under the Grand Lodge, be accorded the privilege of adopting the 'Ancient York work,' or the 'Canada work,' as they may deem most suitable."

In 1874, one year prior to the organization of the Grand Lodge of Manitoba, a dispensation was granted for a lodge at Fort Garry, by the Grand Master of Minnesota. It continued U. D. for about three years, when the Grand Lodge of Minnesota cancelled the dispensation.

Lodge No. 18, named " Al Moghreb Al Aksa" (signifying "The Far West"), was opened at Gibraltar, with the intention, after a time, of removing it to Morocco; but chiefly on account of the protests of the Grand Lodges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, it was shortly transferred to the city of Tangier, Morocco. Its "work" is done in the English, French, Spanish, and Arabic languages. Its membership is upwards of fifty, and it is composed of English, French, Austrians, Belgians, Spaniards, Turks, Portuguese, and Brazilians. They are Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans.

This lodge was established by the efforts of Brother Rev. R. S. Patterson, Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces at Gibraltar, but formerly a resident of the city of Winnipeg, having been the first Worshipful Master of Prince Rupert's Lodge, No. 1, M. R., and District Deputy Grand Master of Canada, for Manitoba. It appears that the way is being paved for an independent Grand Lodge for Morocco.

Peguonga Lodge, No. 22, had been established by the Grand Lodge of Manitoba, in the district of Kuwatin, but a large portion of that territory having been adjudged by the Privy Council, England, to belong to the Province of Ontario, Lodge No. 22, M. R., on the suggestion of the Grand Master of Manitoba, transferred its allegiance, 1887, to the Grand Lodge of Canada in Ontario.

The Grand Lodge of Manitoba continues to prosper, and gives promise of becoming the "mother" of two or more new Grand Lodges in the western and north-western territories of Canada.

British Columbia. On the 21st day of October, 1871, the "Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of" (the Province of) "British Columbia" was organized by the representatives of the eight following lodges: Victoria, Nanaimo, and British Columbia, of the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of England; and Vancouver, Caribou, Caledonia, Mount Hermon, and Quadra, of the Registry of Scotland. The District Grand Master of England and the Provincial Grand Master of Scotland happily coöperated in the

formation of an independent Grand Lodge. The Grand officers were installed by R.. W.. Robert Burnaby, District Grand Master, R. E. The first Grand Master was Israel Wood Powell.

In 1872 Union Lodge, R. E., the only one in the Province which was not represented at the convention which formed the Grand Lodge, became of obedience thereto.

In 1874-1875 Caledonia and Nanaimo Lodges amalgamated as Ashlar Lodge; in 1878 British Columbia and Victoria Lodges united as VictoriaColumbia Lodge; in 1878 Quadra and Vancouver Lodges amalgamated as Vancouver-Quadra Lodge; and, in 1883, Cascade Lodge having been burned out at Yale surrendered its warrant, and its name was adopted by a new lodge formed at Vancouver.

The first lodge established, by the Grand Lodge of England, in the "Colony of Vancouver Island and British Columbia" was Victoria, 783, March 19, 1859; and the first chartered therein by the Grand Lodge of Scotland was the Vancouver Lodge, 1862.

In 1889 there were ten warranted lodges in the Province, with a membership of 587, being an increase of 91 during the preceding year.

The Grand Lodge owns twenty shares ($4000) in the Masonic Temple, city of Victoria, and has about $600 on deposit to its credit. It interchanges Grand Representatives with most sister Grand Lodges at home and abroad. The future holds out very considerable promise for the Craft in this "Ultima Thule" of the New World.

us fraternally, S.H.Gpaham.

DIVISION X.

OTHER COUNTRIES.

Outline History of Freemasonry in Continental Europe.

BY ALFRED A. HALL, P.G.M.,

Of the M:.W:. Grand Lodge of Vermont.

CHAPTER I.

THE GRAND LODGES, THE GRAND ORIENTS, ETC.

Introductory.

Dr. Albert G. Mackey, the ripe Masonic scholar and eminent writer, in speaking of the universality of Masonry, has well said:

"It is not a fountain giving health and beauty to some single hamlet, and slaking the thirst of those only who dwell upon its humble banks; but it is a mighty stream penetrating through every hill and mountain and gliding through every field and valley of the earth, bearing on its beneficent bosom the abundant waters of Love and Charity for the poor, the widow, and the orphan of every land."

No pleasanter study can be found for the Masonic student than the birth, growth, and development of Freemasonry in the various countries of the globe; for truly, the verity of its ritual is proved, and to-day its length is "from the East to the West," and its breadth "from the North to the South."

Masonry in Continental Europe may well be divided into two classes: that which embraced the Masonic Guilds, the Corporations of Builders, the travelling Freemasons, and other similar societies prior to the eighteenth century, and the Institution as it has stood since the formation of the Grand Lodge of England, upon a purely Speculative basis, in 1717; from this Grand Lodge may be traced, directly or indirectly, the organized lodges and Grand Lodges throughout all Europe. It will be the object of this article to treat of Freemasonry in Continental Europe as a Speculative organization merely, not for want of material or lack of interest in the earlier history, but because of the limited space at my command.