NOTE.-Foreign assistance appropriations for fiscal year 1985 are included in sec. 101 of the Continuing Appropriations, 1985 (Public Law 98-473; 98 Stat. 1884). Amounts appropriated by that Act to carry out the purposes of provisions contained in the FA Act, 1961, during fiscal year 1985 are included in footnote references. For complete text of the foreign assistance provisions of Public Law 98-473, see page 372. NOTE.-Prior Approval of Congress. Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985 (as contained in Public Law 98 473): "SEC. 514. None of the funds made available by this Act may be obligated under an appropriation account to which they were not appropriated without the written approval of the Appropriations Committees of both Houses of the Congress.' NOTE.-Prior Notification to Congress. Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985 (as contained in Public Law 98-473): "SEC. 525. None of the funds made available under this Act for 'Agriculture, rural development, and nutrition, Development Assistance,' 'Population, Development Assistance,' 'Child Survival Fund,' 'Health, Development Assistance,' 'Education and human resources development, Development Assistance,' 'Energy, private voluntary organizations, and selected development activities, Development Assistance,' 'Science and technology, Development Assistance,' 'International organizations and programs,' 'American schools and hospitals abroad,' 'Sahel development program,' 'Trade and development program,' 'International narcotics control,' 'Economic support fund,' 'Peacekeeping operations,' 'Operating Expenses of the Agency for International Development,' 'Anti-Terrorism Assistance,' 'Military assistance,' 'International military education and training,' 'Foreign military credit sales,' 'Inter-American Foundation,' 'African Development Foundation,' 'Peace Corps,' or 'Migration and refugee assistance,' shall be available for obligation for activities, programs, projects, type of materiel assistance, countries, or other operation not justified or in excess of the amount justified to the Appropriations Committees for obligation under any of these specific headings for the current fiscal year unless the Appropriations Committees of both Houses of Congress are previously notified fifteen days in advance." NOTE.-Sec. 502 of the Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985, as contained in the Continuing Appropriations Act, 1985 (Public Law 98-473), states: "SEC. 502. Except for the appropriations entitled 'International disaster assistance', 'United States emergency refugee and migration assistance fund' and the special requirements fund within the appropriation entitled 'Economic support fund', not more than 15 per centum of any appropriation item made available by this Act for the current fiscal year shall be obligated or reserved during the last month of availability." NOTE.-Deobligation/Reobligation Authority. Foreign "SEC. 515. Amounts certified pursuant to section 1311 of Sec. 103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition.-(a)(1) In recognition of the fact that the great majority of the people of developing countries live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related pursuits for their livelihood, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition (A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and malnutrition; (B) to expand significantly the provision of basic services to rural poor people to enhance their capacity for self-help; and (C) to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a more viable economic base and enhance opportunities for improved incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural poor people to the economic and social development of their countries. 722 U.S.C. 2151a. Sec. 103, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act of 1973, (87 Stat. 715) was amended and restated by sec. 103(a) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 943). Previous amendments to sec. 103 were made by sec. 2 of Public Law 93559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 302 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 856), and by sec. 102 of Public Law 9588 (91 Stat. 534). (2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $700,000,000 for the fiscal year 1982 and $700,000,000 for the fiscal year 1983, of which up to $1,000,000 for each such fiscal year shall be available only to carry out section 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended. (b)(1) Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily for activities which are specifically designed to increase the productivity and income of the rural poor, through such means as creation and strengthening of local institutions linked to the regional and national levels; organization of a system of financial institutions which provide both savings and credit services to the poor; stimulation of small, labor-intensive enterprises in rural towns; improvement of marketing facilities and systems; expansion of rural infrastructure and utilities such as farm-to-market roads, water management systems, land improvement, energy, and storage facilities; establishment of more equitable and more secure land tenure arrangements; and creation and strengthening of sys The International Security and Development Assistance Authorizations Act of 1983 (sec. 101(bx2) of the Further Continuing Appropriations, 1984; Public Law 98-151; 97 Stat. 969) provided an authorization for the fiscal year 1984 of $725,213,000 to carry out section 103. An authorization for fiscal year 1985 was not enacted. The authorization figures for fiscal years 1982 and 1983 were added by sec. 301(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113: 95 Stat. 1531). Authorizations for recent years included: Fiscal year 1975-$500,000,000; fiscal year 1976$618,000,000; fiscal year 1977-$745,000,000; fiscal year 1978-$580,000,000; fiscal year 1979$665,231,000; fiscal year 1980-$659,000,000; fiscal year 1981-$713,500,000. Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985 (sec. 101 of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 1985; Public Law 98-473; 98 Stat. 1887) provides the following: "Agriculture, rural development and nutrition, Development Assistance: For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 103, $745,551,000: Provided, That of this amount the funds provided for loans shall remain available for obligation until September 30, 1986: Provided further, That notwithstanding any other provision of law, up to $10,000,000 of the funds appropriated under this heading may be available for agricultural activities in Poland which are managed by the Polish Catholic Church or other nongovernmental organizations, which sun shall remain available until September 30, 1986, except that $5,000,000 of the funds made available by this proviso may not be obligated or expended until October 1, 1985: Provided further. That of the funds made available under this paragraph not more than $1,700,000 shall be available for Uganda except as provided through the regular notification process of the Committees on Appropriations: Provided further, That in addition to amounts otherwise appropriated by this Act to carry out the provision of seciton 103, there is hereby appropriated $10,000,000 which shall be used only for nutrition activities not previously justified to the Committees on Appropriations, with such assistance to be provided through private and voluntary organizations and international organizations wherever appropriate.' In addition to the regular fiscal year 1984 appropriation of $715,106,500 provided under the Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 1984, (Public Law 98-151) to carry out the provisions of sec. 103, the Second Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1984, (Public Law 98-396) provided the following additional amount: "CENTRAL America DemocrACY, PEACE AND Development INITIATIVE “AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, AND NUTRITION "For an additional amount for Agriculture, rural development, and nutrition, Development Assistance, $10,000,000." Sec. 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 concerns world hunger and instructs the Director of IDCA to encourage the ongoing work of PVOS to deal with world hunger problems abroad. See page 283 for complete text of sec. 316. Sec. 301(b) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 further expressed a sense of the Congress that the United States should strongly support the efforts of developing countries to improve infant feeding practices and authorized the President to use up to $5 million of funds under sec. 103 and sec. 104(c) of the FA Act, during FY 1982 for such purposes. For complete text of sec. 301(b), see page 260. tems to provide other services and supplies needed by farmers, such as extension, research, training, fertilizer, water, forestry, soil conservation, and improved seed, in ways which assure access to them by small farmers. (2) In circumstances where development of major infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth in this section, assistance for that purpose should be furnished under this chapter in association with significant contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. Infrastructure projects so assisted should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor. (3) The Congress recognizes that the accelerating loss of forests and tree cover in developing countries undermines and offsets efforts to improve agricultural production and nutrition and otherwise to meet the basic human needs of the poor. Deforestation results in increased flooding, reduction in water supply for agricultural capacity, loss of firewood and needed wood products, and loss of valuable plants and animals. In order to maintain and increase forest resources, the President is authorized to provide assistance under this section for forestry projects which are essential to fulfill the fundamental purposes of this section. Emphasis shall be given to community woodlots, agroforestry, reforestation, protection of watershed forests, and more effective forest management. (c) The Congress finds that the greatest potential for significantly expanding availability of food for people in rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural development and expanded food production in the poorest nations of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a principal element contributing to broadly based economic growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds under this section, special attention shall be given to increasing agricultural production in countries which have been designated as 'least developed' by the United Nations General Assembly. (d) Assistance provided under this section shall also be used in coordination with programs carried out under section 104 to help improve nutrition of the people of developing countries through encouragement of increased production of crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning, research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the President is encouraged 9 (1) to devise and carry out in partnership with developing countries a strategy for programs of nutrition and health improvement for mothers and children, including breast feeding; and Par. (3) and subsec. (f) were added by sec. 101 of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 359). (2) to provide technical, financial, and material support to individuals or groups at the local level for such programs. (e) Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities provided under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 which are owned by foreign governments shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions of this section. (f) The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to enhance their national food security deserves encouragement as a matter of United States development assistance policy. Measures complementary to assistance for expanding food production in developing countries are needed to help assure that food becomes increasingly available on a regular basis to the poor in such countries. Therefore, United States bilateral assistance under this Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, and United States participation in multilateral institutions, shall emphasize policies and programs which assist developing countries to increase their national food security by improving their food policies and management and by strengthening national food reserves, with particular concern for the needs of the poor, through measures encouraging domestic production, building national food reserves, expanding available storage facilities, reducing postharvest food losses, and improving food distribution. (g) 10 In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue to participate in and may provide, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, up to $180,000,000 to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this subsection $180,000,000, except that not more than $40,500,000 may be appropriated under this subsection for the fiscal year 1982. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended. Sec. 103A." Agricultural Research.-Agricultural research carried out under this Act shall (1) take account of the special needs of small farmers in the determination of research priorities, (2) include research on the interrelationships among technology, institutions, and economic, social, environmental,12 and cultural factors affecting small-farm agriculture, and (3) make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and especially on institutional and other arrangements needed to assure that small farmers have effective access to both new and existing improved technology. Subsec. (g) was added by sec. 301(c) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1532). Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 1985 (sec. 101 of the Continuing Appropriations, 1985; Public Law 98-473) provides $90,000,000 for IFAD during fiscal year 1985, In addition to the appropriation for fiscal year 1985, U.S. payments for this IFAD authorization were made in the following amounts and public laws: Fiscal year 1983-$24 million (Public Law 97-377) and $16 million (Public Law 98-63); Fiscal year 1984-$50 million (Public Law 98 1510 #22 U.S.C. 2151a-1. Sec. 103A was added by sec. 303 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). "The word, "environmental," was added by sec. 103(d) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 945). |