race (Spanish and Portuguese) and negroes or Indians are clearly unions between distant races. The great majority of white persons of the United States, being not of the Mediterranean but of the Nordic and Alpine races or their crossings, still further kinds of race mixture would take place when unions between these races and the Latin Americans should be consummated; and these unions would again be, for the most part, unions between distant races. No one can say with certainty just what would be the race value of offspring resulting from these unions, but there is no doubt that the conservative course, on the basis of present knowledge, would be to regard such unions with disfavor. There is nothing in the situation to suggest that new race values would be added to our stock by such mixtures, while, on the contrary, it can be argued that deterioration of stock would probably ensue. The point may also be made that in this matter experiment can hardly be controlled: once the new elements are in the country they are there, so far as may be said of any element, perpetually; the experiment may be held to fail but the elements can not thereafter be expelled. Decision, then, to admit is decision to retain.

It has been pointed out in another connection that the blending of races requires time. Where successful mixtures have taken place in the past it has been under conditions of isolation which are the very antithesis of the conditions which obtain to-day. Adjustments and adaptations are in question which appear to be imperiled when new and discordant elements are constantly injected into the country.

If there were no question whatever to-day of Indian and negroid immigration from Mexico, the West Indies and South America, there would be in the United States a problem sufficiently great of amalgamating and fusing the diverse race elements already in the country. Some of these diverse elements are white, but nearly a tenth of the population is to-day negroid. The task of dealing justly and patiently and helpfully with this tenth, descendants of a stock brought into the country against its will, is of tremendous dimensions. And while fusion with the negro has been much less than in any other country where negro slavery had been instituted, fusion has none the less been common. The mulatto population to-day equals in number the black population of not many decades ago. With this unsettled problem of race fusion, and with problems created by still other race elements, there is a special reason for avoiding such other mixture problems as would be created by immigrants from the negroid and Indian stocks of the Americas.

If some day, contrary to present expectations, it should appear from new developments that Latin American stocks have a race value for our civilization substantially above what has been indicated in this report and that mixture of our stocks with those other stocks, contrary to the present state of knowledge, should result in good, there would still be ample time and opportunity to admit those stocks. Postponement of a decision to admit them can cause no real hardship, none certainly comparable with the losses which, it now appears, unrestricted admission of immigrants would entail. Admission of immigrants can indeed be terminated, but those admitted before termination and all born of them become a part of the country's stock. There can be no appreciable loss, certainly no irreparable loss, from waiting before admitting. And there is no reason to suppose that a country which for many decades has been preeminent as a country of immigration will in any foreseeable time be less able than to-day to attract immigrants of any nationalities or races desired.

6. ATTITUDE TOWARD PEOPLES OF THE AMERICAS AND PEOPLES OF EUROPE

It has sometimes been felt, on grounds of sentiment, that exclusion of the citizens of other American countries is inadvisable. The mainland and islands which make up America are construed to imply a natural bond among the inhabitants of America. In deference to this bond, it is argued their citizens should be privileged to commingle freely.

Such a view, however, rests upon weak analogies. A geographical bond is meaningless where there is no common political and social tradition. The countries of the Americas are neighbors. It is natural that the United States should hold the other countries in high regard, respecting their independence and individuality, helping them, where help may be rendered, to realize their highest possibilities. Neighborhood properly leads to neighborliness but the neighborliness of countries does not require that their peoples should cross

their borders with the same freedom that is allowed to movement within one country."

Much more powerful than the claims of neighborhood are the blood ties between the people of the United States and those of Europe. The people of the United States are principally of the same race stocks as those of northern and central Europe. Their capacities for civilization, as civilization has been doveloped in modern times, are essentially the same. The political systems of European countries and the United States may vary on the printed page more than the political systems of the two Americas, yet for whatever reason--and the reasons are for the most part racial and traditional-the spirit of these political systems is much the same.

7. PRESENT LEGISLATION PLACES A PREMIUM ON IMMIGRATION OF NONWHITE STOCKS

In blood the people of the United States are mainly European and white. In blood the people of Latin America and the West Indies are mainly Asiatic (Indian) or African, mainly brown or black. While Congress has the legislative power to permit additions to be made to the stock of the people of the United States from either source, yet under the legislation now in force, preference is given emphatically to immigration from the brown and black stocks. For although it is true that immigrants from whatever country are subjected to passing certain tests as to literacy, health, etc., immigrants from Europe are additionally subjected to certain quota restrictions from which immigrants from the Americas are exempt. No limitation ever enacted by Congress, except only the absolute exclusion provisions applied to some regions, has in practice proved so drastic in effecting and maintaining a diminution of immigration, from many countries at least, has the quota system. It results, however, that under existing legislation, which is the fruit of many years of study and debate, a greater proportion of current immigration is of nonwhite stocks than at any previous time in the history of the Republic.

8. A CRITERION FOR IMMIGRATION

So similar racially to the people of the United States are the immigrants from Europe, especially from northern and western Europe, so well prepared for citizenship and industry, that their numbers might be substantially increased without creating serious problems for the United States. If hereafter every immigrant from countries and islands lying to the south of the United States were to be replaced by an immigrant from approved parts of Europe, nothing but gain would result for the United States. The present situation has not arisen by express intention. It has never, so far as the writer is aware, been pretended that the Indians and other stocks of American countries are racially better stocks than those of Europe-the contrary, in fact, would always be supposed by whoever has contact with immigration, whether in a practical and business relationship or as a lay student; and it would equally not be pretended that their industrial fitness is greater than that of European stocks-again the contrary would be generally admitted. When once the present situation is understood, there would appear to be no valid justification for permitting it to continue.

There is one criterion of immigration which flourishing countries will be universally justified in adopting. A country not in desperate need of population; a country, in other words, able to contemplate an increase in population from its own loins, can properly require of its immigrants that they at least equal, if they do not excel, the average of its own citizens in fitness for government, including self-government, and industry. If it requires that the immigrants themselves possess such a fitness, it will almost inevitably require

17" But we must learn something new namely, to distinguish between the right to live and the right of other races to mix their blood with ours and give life." See pp. 60, 61, of Dr. J. A. Mjen, Harmonic and Disharmonic Racecrossings, in Eugenics in Race and State, vol. II, Baltimore, 1923.

"In welcoming the immigrant to our shores we are not only sharing our country with him but we take him into our families and give to him our children or our children's children in marriage. Whatever the present antipathies may be to such racial mixtures we may rest assured that in a few hundred years these persons of foreign race and blood will be incorporated in our race and we in theirs. ** * How insignificant are considerations of cheap labor and rapid development of natural resources when compared with these biological_consequences!" See p. 302 of E. G. Conklin, Heredity and Environment, fifth edition, Princeton, 1923.

by implication that the children of the new stock will possess such a fitness. No good ground exists for supposing that the immigrants of countries to the south of the United States would meet the requirements of this criterion.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The statistical sources directly utilized in this study are the consuses and other governmental documents of the countries concerned. An effort has been made to consult not only the most recent of these publications but also earlier works. To assist in the interpretation of the data thus secured, a large number of independent writings have likewise been consulted. Where quotations have been made in the text of this report, the sources thereof have been stated, but it has not seemed necessary to append to the report a detailed bibliography of the subject.

IMMIGRATION FROM BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

[A memorandum prepared by F. H. Kinnicutt, January 15, 1925]

The enormous increase in immigration from British North America to the United States during the last two fiscal years, ending June 30, 1924, is the most impressive illustration of the effects of the quota laws prior to the act of 1924 in stimulating immigration from countries to which it did not apply, or only applied in a very limited sense. Under the first quota law of May, 1921, all immigrants from British North America, as well as other countries in the Western Hemisphere, were exempt from quota restrictions, except those who had resided in those countries for less than one year. Under the immigration act of 1924 immigrants from those countries and from the West Indies are exempt from the quota restrictions only if they are born there. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, the total immigration amounted to 117,011, and in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924 (at which date the old quota law expired), it was 200,690. It is interesting to compare these immigration figures with the corresponding figure for 1923, 117,011, and with the highest figure for any of the preceding years, namely, 105,339 in the year 1917. The following table taken from the Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration for the year ending June 30, 1923, shows the immigration to the United States for the 12 years ending June 30, 1923, from Canada and also from Mexico. This table is inserted here, complete (with the figures for 1924 added), as it is interesting to note how the immigration from Canada compared in that period with that from our other neighbor to the south.

The foregoing figures show the amount of immigration from Canada in each year since 1912. As to the extent of this immigration prior to this time, the report of the commissioner general for the year ending June 30, 1919, shows that the total recorded immigration from British North America to the United States, from the year 1820 to the year ending June 30, 1919, was 8,205,675. Likewise, for a more recent period, the report of the Commissioner General Caminetti for 1920 shows that the total immigration during the preceding 22 years, from 1899 to 1920, inclusive, was 923,129 (p. 185). From the same report (p. 189), the total emigration during the period 1908 to 1920, inclusive,

was 332,474 (15,112 annually), as compared with a total immigration during those years of 909,089. This leaves an excess of immigration over emigration, for the period of 13 years, of 576,616, and an average annual excess of 44,355. Looking again at the annual immigration from British North America in recent years, we find that the total for the period of 24 years ending June 30, 1924, was 1,358,243, showing an average annual immigration during this period of 56,593. (See annual report for 1923–24, pp. 114-116.)

Thus far in considering the extent of Canadian immigration to the United States the figures have been confined principally to immigration proper in which United States citizens are not included.

Reference will now be made to certain figures which refer to total immigration in certain periods, including United States citizens and others not now classed as immigrants. The report of the commissioner general for the year ending June 30, 1919, states that during the 11 fiscal years, 1909-1919, the total immigration from Canada to the United States, including returning United States citizens, was 1,288,000, compared with an emigration from the United States to Canada of 1,072,000, or a balance of about 216,000 in our favor. It is to be noted that taking this statement as a basis, the United States had during the period mentioned, 1909-1919, an average excess of immigration from Canada over emigration to Canada, of 19,600 per annum, including United States citizens who are not to-day classified as immigrants or emigrants. It also shows that the annual entry from Canada of immigrants, plus United States citizens, during the period named, was 117,090, while the annual exodus from the United States was 97,454.

Reference will now be made more in detail to the reports of the last three years, during which the enormous increase in Canadian immigration occurred. Reference will be made to the statistics showing the total entries, as compared with the annual immigration from Canada, and the total departures for Canada, both of the emigrant and nonemigrant classes.

The following figures are taken from the annual reports of Commissioner General Husband for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1923, and June 30, 1924, respectively:

Thus far the numbers or quantity of immigration received from British North America has alone been considered. In view, however, of the enormous numbers now coming into the country from that source, the character of the immigration is of the utmost importance. With regard to the racial composition of this immigration, reference will first be had to the report of Commissioner General Caminetti, already referred to, for the year 1918-19, in which he states:

"In 1910 there were 1,204,637 persons of Canadian birth in the United States; 338,083 were of French origin, and 819,554 of other origins. Newfoundland had contributed an additional 5,080, but natives of Canada only reached fifth among our foreign-born peoples, being exceeded only by natives of Germany, Russia, Ireland, and Italy."

Commissioner Husband's report for 1920-1923, referring to the same subject, states, page 29:

"Immigrants admitted from Canada reflect the mixed population of the Dominion, the movement during the year ended including 39,295 English,

30,438 French, 17,045 Scotch, 12,000 Irish, 4,486 Hebrews, and smaller numbers of other peoples, chiefly of European origin."

Referring to the report for the last fiscal year, the following facts appear as to the racial composition of the 200,690 immigrants who entered the United States from Canada and Newfoundland in that year, excluding races who con tributed less than 100. The table at pages 52 and 53 shows the following numbers from the following races:

The above figures show what tremendous variety of different races constitute this immigration in the last year under the first quota law.

Of the total of 200,690, 33 per cent were of non-English-speaking races. This heterogeneous character of the immigration from Canada to the United States, of course, reflects the large mixed immigration in the last two decades to Canada from various countries, and the increased percentage coming from countries outside of the British Isles. In the nine-year period, 1901 to 1909, inclusive, the total immigration to Canada was 1,244,597, of which 40.3 per cent was from the United Kingdom, and 31.6 per cent from the United States, and only 28.1 per cent from other countries. See A Study in Canadian Immigration, by Prof. W. G. Smith, of Toronto University, published by the Ryerson Press, Toronto, pages 60, 61. In the next period of nine years, less the period from October to December, inclusive, in the year 1918, the total immigration to Canada was 2,040,358 (p. 116). Of this 679.746 was from the United Kingdom, and 860,416 from the United States, and 500,196 from other countries. This shows that the "other countries" contributed 25 per cent, a slight increase from the previous decade. The immigration was affected by the fact that for more than half of the period in question, Great Britain was engaged in the World War. It is significant that in the years 1913 and 1914, immediately before the war, the number of immigrants to Canada from foreign-speaking countries was rapidly increasing, and in the year 1914 reached the large figure of 133,979, which was slightly more than one-half of the number in that year from English-speaking countries.

In order to determine the racial composition of the immigration which the United States is likely to get from Canada in the immediate future, under the provisions of the immigration act of 1924, we have to consider on the one hand the fact that this act exempts from the quotas only those who are Canadian born, and on the other hand the fact that the native-born population in Canada has already in it a considerable number of foreign strains, and is widely different from the earlier Canadian stock which was derived either from the British Isles or from France. Not only is there a considerable population in Canada derived from southern and eastern Europe, but there is a considerable element who are of Asiatic descent, Chinese, Japanese, and Hindu. In the period 1904 to 1918 the Chinese immigrat on was 33,036, the Japanese 12,457, and the Hindu 5,297. In the period 1900 to 1918, inclusive, the immigration from eastern Europe (including Poland and Russia, and excluding the southern countries of Spain and Italy) totaled 481,027.

IMMIGRATION FROM THE WEST INDIES

A memorandum prepared by F. H. Kinnicutt]

The report of the Commissioner General of Immigration for the year 1918-19 contains the following interesting statement:

"The West Indies, including Cuba, Jamaica, and other islands have become quite an important source of immigration in recent years, the total admis