however, the observation accords precisely with the implications of Mendelian heredity; the striking of a general average between parental stocks on the part of their descendants is exactly what the theory demands. (c) Mixture of distantly related races-Environment aspects.-Critics of the view just outlined, especially when they believe they have found a case where the result of mixture is not inferior to the superior stock, have one strong argument to offer. They contend that the hybrid is socially in a difficult position. To mingle with persons of the inferior strain is to accept their status as his. Not only is he unlikely to do this, but they in turn stress his alien origin and refuse to regard him as one of themselves. To seek to associate with persons of the superior strain on the other hand is to discover that they stress his inferior origin and incline to regard him as an outcast. So the hybrid is explained as a social misfit and according to this view no physical cause need be assumed. Where the number of hybrids is small as compared with the number of people of pure strain, this social difficulty may manifest itself in acute form. It is a great deal less likely to appear where the representatives of the two pure strains have become few as compared with the numbers of mixed race. In parts of South America the mestizo or the mulatto is really the most numerous type. And yet, in regions of this sort, the observation is none the less common that the offspring of the mixed races are inferior to the superior race but superior to the inferior. Still another explanation of this result is indeed plausible, and it is not unrelated to the explanation already given. A man's qualities depend largely upon his standing in his social group, which in turn depends largely on the traditions of that group-political structure and history, cultural development, etc. and the man of mixed race is without a tradition, hence he is without the ideals and spurs to action that express the tradition. This explanation is in turn plausible only within limits. If there were living alongside the hybrids, in the same country, a large stock having a dominant tradition, the want of tradition of the hybrids would give them a negative character and a passive rôle. Commonly, however, on the American continent the hybrids share control of the country with the purer strain; or, so far as they do not, it is for economic reasons. A tradition of a sort is there, a sentiment of nationality and patriotism. The hybrid has the opportunity to identify himself with it; that he does not play a part both leading and impressive to the lay observer is presumably, therefore, due to a sheer and innate want of capacity. (d) A conclusion.-Uncertain as it is just how much weight must be accorded the environmental explanation of the condition of the half-breed (as supplementing the biological explanation), enough can be inferred from the condition itself to sustain one conclusion of wide bearing. The conclusion is this: Where a race is in a position to maintain its purity, it is best that it should not breed with what appears to be an inferior or distant race. So far as the position of the half-breed is to be accounted for on biological grounds, no degree of education or other social action can effectually overcome the handicap, and nothing will avail except a return to breeding with the superior race on such a scale that the inferior will be greatly attenuated. So far, on the other hand, as the half-breed's position is to be accounted for on environmental grounds and is corrigible by education or other social action, the burden of correction may prove very heavy and not necessarily one that can be sustained without great loss. (e) The time factor in fusion.-Still another observation may be made on the subject of race mixture. It is highly probable that considerable time is necessary for any fusion to be fully carried out, not less than a few generations and perhaps hundreds of years. Doubtless both biological and social factors are here involved. The welding of a new stock-the initiation of new varieties and the rejection of such as are not viable, on the one hand, and the creation and growth of the ideals which give effective scope to the new stock's capacities, on the other hand-these can come about but slowly. It is probably true that the more distant the elements to be fused the longer time the fusion will require. This, of course, is not to say that a fusion of distant races will ever produce so good a result as the continued purity of the higher race. On the other hand, it may mean that a better development of race stock lies ahead in some countries than is found there to-day. More especially what is found in various Latin American countries to-day is conceivably the prelude to a more encouraging rather than a less encouraging development in the future. 6. A GENERAL CONCLUSION ON RACES From the condition existing to-day in much of the New World, where political equality is only a form of speech; where manual labor is despised; where, as by peonage, an inferior stratum in the population is exploited by a superior (exploitation is universal where such a stratum exists); where all standards, even those of the dominant class become low because the standards of the largest class are low-from such a condition to one of genuine, if still relative, political and social equality where the economic and social organization is high, where government is stable and democratic, is a long step which it would be perilous to predict will in any short time be taken in most of the countries to the south of the United States. IV. THE TENDENCY TO MIGRATE There has already been occasion in this report to refer to the common but too simple view that migration proceeds only from old and overpopulated countries to new and underpopulated countries. By those who are content with so simple a view it is further assumed that no migration worthy of the name will arise between two new and presumably underpopulated countries (nor between two old countries). The observed facts, however, are otherwise. From Mexico alone an urgent current of emigration to the United States has developed in recent years. It is true that Mexico lies just across a long land frontier but many of the emigrants traverse hundreds of miles within Mexico and farther hundreds in the United States before reaching their destinations. Since no statistical study of the origins within Mexico of emigrants to the United States had previously been made, an analysis was prepared, in connection with the present study, of the origins of the immigrants during a sample month. It indicates a heavy representation for such interior States of Mexico as Jalisco, Micaoacan, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, and Durango. The details may be given in the form of a table. Immigrant aliens of the Mexican race admitted to the United States at Mexican border ports (districts Nos. 22, 25, and 31) during the month of April, 1924, showing where born, by States, in Mexico 1 Of the 10 born in Texas 1 emigrated from Tamaulipas, 5 from Nuevo Leon, and 4 from Coahuila. The ocean, however, is no insuperable barrier. Between 1911 and 1921 the population of Barbados declined by 10 per cent. According to the director of the Barbados census this, was "largely due to emigration." He says further: "There has been a steady exodus to the United States of America and Canada as well as other countries. Our people are quickly attracted to any country which happens to offer a higher scale of wages than what they receive here, hence the recent rush to Cuba during the sugar boom with its subsequent collapse and disaster to many of those who emigrated thither." He still further calls attention to the large sums of money annually received in Barbados from emigrants working abroad and points out that these emigrants frequently return to Barbados for visits, subsequently reemigrating. The emigrants from Barbados are practically all negroes or mulattoes, less than 7 per cent of the population of the country being white and the mulattoes being three or four times as numerous as the whites. Earlier in the present report attention has been called to other cases of islands of the West Indies where a decline in population had been occasioned by the substantial volume of the movement of emigration. There is a considerable migration between the various countries of South America and also between the islands of island groups of the West Indies. When the Panama Canal was constructed, the workers were drawn principally from islands of the West Indies. Negroes from Jamaica and other parts of the archipelago have for many years been coming to the United States. Whether the currents of emigration already established be regarded as large or small will depend upon the point of view. There is nothing whatever to indicate that if unchecked they will not greatly expand in the future. On the contrary important reasons exist for supposing that they will expand. The recent immigration legislation of the United States, culminating in the quota law, has had the calculated effect of greatly restricting immigration from the countries which had for many years previous been the chief sources of immigration. The most direct consequence of such a restriction is to lead to a quickened demand in dustry for such unskilled and low-skilled workers as exist in the country; they first secure better employment and soon they secure higher wages. An incident of recent years well illustrates the cogency of this reasoning. During the period of the European war, for various reasons immigrants almost ceased to come to the United States. The resumption of industrial activity soon created just such a demand for unskilled labor as during previous decades would have been met by immigration. On this occasion, on a scale not previously known in our history, negroes migrated from the Southern to the Northern States of the country to take employment as wage earners; of them there were apparently several hundred thousand. Henceforth every industrial boom which develops in the United States will create a demand for new unskilled workers, a demand which, under present conditions, can not be met by European immigration since that has already been limited by law. The workers most likely to offer themselves for the new openings will, on the whole, tend to be those whose current wages are low and who live in countries whose inhabitants are not prevented by law from immigrating into the United States as wage earners. Beyond a doubt, the increased immigration from Mexico to the United States in recent years is a reflection of the fact that European workers have mainly been excluded. The opportunity: thus being utilized by the people of Mexico is one in which all of Latin America to-day potentially shares. In the countries to the south of the United States there are undoubtedly many workers who would to-day not be attracted to migrate by the offer of high wages. Of many Indians, for instance, and also of many mestizos, it is common to remark that they will not work at all after they have accumulated a small sum in wages; they must first spend that. Yet there is indication that such a condition is not necessarily permanent. Something always depends upon the employer and something on the working conditions-an American fruit corporation, for example, with plantations in Central America, is reported to have secured better services from Central American workers than local employers secure. The mestizo is, on the whole, more willing and able to work than the pure-blooded Indian, and while negroes, as has been pointed out, do not to-day emigrate from Africa, pure-blooded negroes of West Indian birth are found willing to migrate for employment. Potentially, if not actually and at the moment, the entire lands to the south of the United States 35222-25-SER 3-B3 áre sources of future immigration. As the populations of these countries increase, as the economic attractions of the United States increase, and reports are spread of the gains that can be made and are made by immigration to the United States, an enhanced pressure to enter this country is likely to result. The immigration already begun and already so far under way may be expected, unless it be checked, to continue for decades to come and perhaps to expand very largely in volume. V. CONCLUSION: THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES 1. THE ECONOMIC GAIN AND ITS LIMITATIONS Mexicans, both Indians and mestizos, have been found to be useful workmen in the United States. West Indian negroes have been found to be useful. It is even likely that workers of these kinds toil more effectively, more productively, in this country than they do in their home countries. For one thing the organization and management of industry is generally so much superior to what is usual in those countries that every unit of man power is made to count for more. Even traits like unreliability and improvidence, which are the immediate bases of Latin American peonage systems, stand forth less prominently in this country than in the home countries. That they seem less serious may be due to selection of immigrants who come to the United States, which leaves behind the worse elements, and also to better arrangements for the prevention of abuse; but it may further be due to some actual improvement in the morale of the workers under stress of the new environment. 16 Yet it is the economic argument which chiefly has made a welcome to these immigrants to the United States, and are economic argument for immigration has always been dangerous. No man is a worker alone. He is also a citizen and must further be viewed as the father of more citizens also. The years of his service as a wage earner are limited; not so the span of time in which those of his blood will play their parts in the country. There is a sense in which every immigrant counts for more than one. The reproductivity of immigrant strains is usually greater than that of the general population. The newcomer begins to feel materially better off than he was in his own country and his increased well-being finds expression in a larger family. It is only in the second or third generation that those influences become effective which make for an approximation of the size of the immigrant family to that usual in the new environment. There have always been certain direct lusses due to immigration which are commonly ignored by those who commend and defend the value of immigration for purposes of labor. There are burdens upon poor relief systems. There are burdens upon penal institutions. There are burdens upon the political system. No general statement can be made regarding the weight of these burdens or the extent to which they are equaled and sometimes overbalanced by accruing gains; and they vary much as between races and peoples. In the aggregate, however, these debits, whether tangible or intangible, are large, and they make necessary a reappraisal of credits from immigration. 2. A STUDY OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION INVOLVES A STUDY OF RACE FACTORS Economic, social, and political effects of immigration have been much discussed in the past. Largely, however, they appear to be transitory. The imigrant dies and they seemingly die with him. To infer, however, that they are wholly transitory would be to commit a grave error. Only when the racial effects of immigration are considered is it seen that effects of an economic or political character may go forward without end. They may undergo change and they may decline, but something that is characteristic will persist. There are evident differences between the traits of a hundred thousand Swedish im 16 It is dangerous for young countries (a) because for the sake of an immediate gain it has often promoted an immigration, forced or voluntary, which has been the basis of an enduring race problem, and (b) because a first settlement by such stocks has usually deterred better stocks from being willing to come, as white immigrants have been slow to move into our former slave States or as European immigrants have avoided various Latin American countries. The economic argument is likewise dangerous for older countries whose possibilities of further population growth are limited and which must, therefore, be the more cautious about introducing discordant race elements. migrants and a hundred thousand negro or Mexican immigrants; when these immigrants have themselves passed away there will still be manifest differences between the children of the Swedes and the children of the negroes Or Mexicans. In other words, when an immigrant is accepted by the country, a race element or unit is added into the race stock of the country bringing its own attributes and propensities and aptitudes. Between the freshly arrived immigrant desired for an economic end and the rest of the population, a barrier may be raised and often is raised-a foreign language, unadapted customs or what not; and the barrier may operate to prevent intermarriage with those who comprise a large part of the population. Absorption into the general population may be delayed until the second generation, but it is only a question of time. The color barrier is the most powerful of all barriers, but the case of the mulattoes and mestizoes of Latin America shows that with some peoples, notably the Spanish and Portuguese, it may be a weak barrier, while the case of the mulattoes of our own country shows that with the peoples commonly held to be less willing to breed with the colored races, it is far from insuperable; and there seems no reason to suppose that in the course of long time negroes and whites in the United States will not be indistingu.shably blended. 3. LATIN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION INTRODUCES A DUBIOUS RACE FACTOR In its simplest terms, then, the question of Latin American immigration may be stated thus: Are the race elements involved therein such as this country should to-day welcome into its race stock? To this question the answer is bound to be negative. When every allowance is made for the fact that some pure Indian strains and some pure negro strains may be better than other Indian or negro strains and when the most favorable judgment on the mixed strains, mulatto and mestizo, is given of which they are capable, it still apparently remains true that one or another of these groups merely approaches but does not attain the race value of the white stocks, aud therefore that the immigrants from these countries tend to lower the average of the race value of the white population of the United States. If the position be taken that in this reasoning some things are reckoned as proved which are not conclusively proved and therefore that the conclusion itself is only presumptively true, the answer is that the opposite conclusion, namely, that these strains are as valuable as those already in the country, demands much greater assumptions and departs much further from such knowledge as actually exists to-day. 4. IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING RACE STOCK TO-DAY But there is another aspect of great importance. The potentialities of popu lation growth in the United States have already been largely realized. The growth of the country has for many years been at a slower and slower rate. In time the population, like that in some other countries, will be in fact stationary. When? Estimates have been made that by the end of the present century the total population of the United States will be about 200,000,000 and that beyond this point it is not likely to increase. With the precise year and the precise level of a stationary population, we are not here concerned, and we need not be concerned with more than the truth that the rate of growth is constantly declining. What is vital in the argument is that our control over the future race stock of the United States will apparently never be greater than it is to-day and that if it is desired to maintain a high average of ability, well-being, and citizenship, no simpler device is at hand than the nonadmission from this time forward of all dubious race elements--not forgetting that for a generation or two, at least, any new emigrant stocks received into the country can be expected to reproduce at a faster rate than that of the population as a whole, and so to affect our future stock more than their numbers today might seem to imply. 5. NEW AND OLD PROBLEMS OF RACE BLENDING The question of race mixture has with reference to the crossing America and the West Indie so far been considered in this report only leh have already taken place in Latin between persons of the Mediterranean |