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19. What are the fiscal year 1965 accomplishments, plans and budgets for development and use of deep research vehicles? How many do we have now and what are future plans?

Member agencies of the ICO are eager to operate URV's on research and engineering projects. They will rely upon the Navy and industry to provide the necessary vehicles. In this connection, the Navy has made significant advances in developing and operating manned deep submersibles. Bathyscaphe Trieste has proved its outstanding capabilities on a number of scientific dives; Trieste enabled Navy investigators to locate and photograph the ill-fated Thresher, emphasizing the need for deep-diving vehicles in submarine rescue and salvage. In June 1964, the Secretary of the Navy inaugurated the Navy's new deep submergence systems project (DSSP) to develop search and rescue techniques that would help locate and recover lost vehicles, space capsules, and other objects on the bottom of the sea. The Special Projects Office was designated project manager.

The Interagency Committee on Oceanography hopes to take full advantage of the techniques, materials and systems developed for the DSSP. Close liaison has been established with the Special Projects Office and industry. There remains, however, a need to obtain immediate experience in the scientific uses and capabilities of manned submersibles. One promising approach is to charter vehicles already built and developed; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has obtained excellent results from a chartered French-built vehicle. Another opportunity is to work cooperatively where possible with those laboratories already operating subersibles; e.g., the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, currently conducting experiments from the ONR-funded Alvin (with a 6,000-foot diving capability).

There are currently at least six vehicles available from industrial sources. Short-term rental and evaluation of these vehicles will aid in the formation of agency plans for future design and construction.

The ICO confidently expects a rapid development of the URV state-of-the-art during fiscal year 1966, and hopes its member agencies can take advantage of the new capabilities in fiscal year 1967, with a coordinated program for the use of these unique research platforms.

ATTACHMENT B

COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND SOVIET OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH SHIPS

A recent analysis of Soviet oceanographic ships (exclusive of naval vessels) showed that of 99 selected medium and large ships, 14 or 14 percent were assigned to institutions primarily engaged in basic research; the remainder were allocated to agencies doing applied research and engineering. This contrasts strongly with the pattern in the United States, where out of 81 comparable ships, 30 or 37 percent were assigned to universities and institutions primarily occupied with research. Clearly, our research fleet is second to none in quantity. Further, all of the oceanographic ships reported building in the Soviet Union in recent years were earmarked for activities engaged in development and engineering; compare this with over a dozen new or converted ships supplied to our own universities and research institutions in the last 5 years.

This U.S. advantage in oceanographic research ships does not, of course, extend into all special areas. In fisheries research, for example, the Soviets list some 60 ships, as compared with 23 for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The same situation exists to various degrees in other applied areas, including naval applications, resulting in an overall Soviet numerical superiority for oceanographic vessels.

ATTACHMENT C

THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Courses offered in marine sciences at American colleges and universities College or university Degrees offered in oceanography 1 Agricultural and Mechanical College Master of science and doctor of philosof Texas, College Station, Tex., 77840. ophy. The American University, Washington, Bachelor of science and master of D.C., 20016. science in earth science with emphasis in oceanography.

The University of Chicago, Chicago, M.S. and Ph. D. degrees in geophysical Ill., 60637. sciences are offered with specialization in areas included in oceanography.

Columbia University, New York, N.Y., Master of arts and doctor of philosophy. 10027.

Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton, Fla. (effective 1964-65).
Humboldt State College, Arcata, Calif.,
95521.

Bachelor of science and master of science in fisheries.

Master of arts and doctor of philosophy.

The Johns Hopkins University, Balti- Master of science and doctor of philosmore, Md., 21218.

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ophy.

Master of science and doctor of philosophy in fisheries, marine biology, and oceanography.

Master of science and doctor of philosophy.

Do.

Do.

Master of science and doctor of philosophy in marine biology.

Do.
Do.

Master of arts in marine science from the college of William and Mary; doctor of philosophy in Marine science from the University of Virginia.

Bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, master of science, doctor of philosophy.

Ph. D. in oceanography and limology; minor in oceanography for Ph. D. in other fields.

raphy of the Federal Council for Bachelor of science in ocean engineerScience and Technology.

1 Unless otherwise indicated.

ing.

The following is an excerpt from the "University Curriculums in Oceanography," academic year 1963-64, prepared by the Interagency Committee on Oceanography of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, published in June 1963, by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:

"Many students and faculty advisers have written the committee1 about the preparation necessary for entry into the field of oceanography. It should be noted that nearly all institutions award only for beginning students in this field. The following excerpt from the bulletin of the University of Miami Institute of Marine Science sets forth typical requirements for undergraduate preparation. (Oceanography is used in its narrow sense at Miami, including only physical and chemical oceanography and omitting biological and geological oceanography, which are called marine biology, marine geology, and fisheries.)

"UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUMS

"The department receives many inquiries concerning proper undergraduate preparation for entrance to its graduate program. To guide students, several undergraduate programs are suggested for preparation in fisheries, marine biology, oceanography, and marine geology. Other disciplines are not considered since each university has its own set of requirements designed to give students broad exposure to the liberal arts.

"Students interested in pursuing marine science should select an undergraduate major in one of the basic scientific disciplines. The undergraduate college should be selected on the basis of curriculum and staff strength in that major. In the biological sciences zoology is much preferred to botany as an undergraduate major but, hopefully zoology students will include basic botany courses in their curriculum. Within the general scope of the program suggested below, prospective marine biology students most interested in experimental biology should take care to be well prepared in chemistry, biochemistry, and mathematics. Students interested in systematics, anatomy, etc., should strengthen their zoology, genetics, and related course program.

"Prospective marine geologists should acquire strong backgrounds in mathematics, chemistry, and physics.

"The student should at the same time be careful to satisfy the graduation requirements of his own university. Students should consult their department for assistance on individual programs.

"University college science courses that lack laboratories are not acceptable substitutes for the basic science courses. Students may wish to spend one summer at a marine laboratory in order to have a more firm basis for decision concerning their future career in marine science.

"In the suggested curriculums on the following pages, courses are designated as 'required' (those believed to be essential) and 'suggested' (those which should be taken if the student's program can include them).

"A student may be admitted to graduate standing in this department without having had some of the required courses, but he will ordinarily not be allowed to take a master's degree until he has completed all of them, either before or after admission to the graduate school.

"Courses listed as 'suggested' should be taken whenever the student's program permits, but he will ordinarily not be obliged to take them in order to obtain the master's degree. He may, however, be asked to take some of the 'suggested' courses if he continues for the Ph. D. degree.

"Exceptions to these requirements may be made at the discretion of the department and the student's advisory committee. The reading knowledge of two languages is required of graduate students before the Ph. D. degree can be achieved. Good undergraduate preparation in at least one language is strongly urged. Spanish ordinarily is not an acceptable substitute for French or German or Russian.

"Undergraduate courses taken by a graduate student do not contribute credits toward his advanced degree at the University of Miami.

"The courses designated as 'required' are marked with an asterisk.

1 Interagency Committee on Oceanography.

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"Geology:

"MARINE GEOLOGY

"Marine sciences:

Introduction to marine biology,

Introduction to oceanography.

"English: *Composition.

"Foreign language: French, German, or Russian."

*General geology,

*Paleontology,

*Petrology,

*Optical mineralogy,

*Field geology,
*Structural geology,
Stratigraphy,

Sedimentation.

The CHAIRMAN. Now, Dr. Morse, we have called on you quite a bit, but do you have anything to add here on your own for the record? Dr. Morse is Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development and Chairman of the Interagency Committee on Oceanography.

Dr. MORSE. Yes, sir. I have a prepared statement, sir. I will read it, if you would like. It is rather short, and I think it will cover some of the questions that were raised before, precisely how the committee operates.

The CHAIRMAN. All right.

STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT W. MORSE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND CHAIRMAN OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY

Dr. MORSE. May I express for the Interagency Committee on Oceanography members our appreciation for this opportunity to discuss the organization of the oceanographic program of the Federal Government. Although I am new to the Interagency Committee on Oceanography (ICO), I understand that its association with your committee goes back to 1960 when you took a strong initiative in bringing the deficiencies in our Nation's program in oceanography to the attention of the Congress.

As you know, Mr. Chairman, Federal interest in oceanography has been rather sporadic, at least in the past, going back to 1927 when a committee on oceanography was convened under the National Academy of Sciences to examine the serious neglect of oceanographic research in this country. However, it was not until 1956 that several agencies requested Dr. Detlev Bronk, then president of the National Academy of Sciences, to examine the national picture.

The National Academy responded by forming a Committee on Oceanography (NASCO), which has continued since. As their initial effort, NASCO produced the well-known 12-chapter series, "Oceanography 1960-70," which outlined several recommendations for implementation of an aggressive Federal effort in oceanography.

In March 1959, President Eisenhower formed the Federal Council for Science and Technology, and oceanography was one of the scientific areas to which the Council initially devoted attention.

In May 1959, the Chairman of the Federal Council, Dr. James Killian, established a subcommittee on oceanography. The charge to this committee included the evaluation of the NASCO report and the examination of plans of the Federal agencies to meet this country's needs in the marine sciences.

On July 16, 1959, Dr. Herbert York, the director of defense research and engineering, acting for Dr. Killian, appointed Dr. James H.

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