CHAPTER V

LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS OF HIGHLY FOLDED AND DIS-

TURBED STRATA

Typical Rock-structures in Regions of Mountain-uplift—General

Structure of Mountains of Upheaval-Primeval Coincidence of Un-

derground Structure and External Configuration-Relatively weak

and strong Structures-Stages in the Erosion of a Mountain-chain-

Forms assumed under Denudation-Ultimate face of Mountain-chains.

CHAPTER VI

LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS OF HIGHLY FOLDED AND DIS-

TURBED STRATA (continued).

Structure and Configuration of Plateaux of Erosion-Forms as-

sumed under Denudation-Mountains of Circumdenudation-His-

tory of certain Plateaux of Erosion-Southern Uplands and Northern

Highlands of Scotland-Stages in Erosion of Table-lands.

CHAPTER VII

LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS AFFECTED BY NORMAL FAULTS

OR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS

Normal Faults, general features of-Their connection with Folds

-Their origin-How they affect the Surface-Faults of the Colorado

region, and of the Great Basin-Depression of the Dead Sea and the

Jordan-Lake Depressions of East Africa-Faults of British Coal-

fields-Bounding faults of Scottish Highlands and Lowlands-Fault-

bounded Mountains-General conclusions.

CHAPTER VIII

LAND-FORMS DUE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TO IGNEOUS

ACTION .

Plutonic and Volcanic Rocks-Deformation of Surface caused by

Intrusions-Laccoliths of Henry Mountains-Volcanoes, Structure

and Form of Mud-cones - Geysers - Fissure-eruptions - Volcanic

Plateaux-Denudation of Volcanoes, etc., and resulting features.

CHAPTER IX

INFLUENCE OF ROCK CHARACTER IN THE DETERMINA-

TION OF LAND-FORMS

Joints in Rocks and the part they play in determining Surface-

features Texture and Mineralogical composition of Rocks in rela-

tion to Weathering-Forms assumed by various Rocks.

PAGE

92

128

150

173

195

CHAPTER X

LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY GLACIAL ACTION

Geological action of existing Glaciers-Evidence of Erosion-

Origin of the Ground-moraine: its independence of Surface-moraines

-Infraglacial smoothing and polishing, crushing, shattering and

plucking-Geological action of Prehistoric Glaciers-General evi-

dence supplied by Ancient Glaciers of the Alps.

CHAPTER XI

PAGE

212

LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY GLACIAL ACTION (continued). 232

Former Glacial conditions of Northern Europe-Extent of the old

Inland Ice-Glacial character of Boulder-clay-Central Region of

Glacial Erosion and Peripheral Area of Glacial Accumulation-Fluvio-

glacial deposits-Loess, origin of its materials-Glaciation of North

America-Modifications of Surface produced by Glacial Action.

CHAPTER XII

LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY OLIAN ACTION

.

Insolation and Deflation in the Sahara-Forms assumed by Gran-

itoid Rocks and Horizontal and Inclined Strata-Reduction of Land-

surface to a Plain-Formation of Basins-Dunes of the Desert-

Sand-hills of other regions-Transport and Accumulation of Dust-

Loess, a dust deposit-Lakes and Marshes of the Steppes.

CHAPTER XIII

LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY THE ACTION OF UNDER-

GROUND WATER

Dissolution of Rocks-Underground Water-action in Calcareous

lands-Karst-regions of Carinthia and Illyria-Effects of Superficial

and Subterranean Erosion-Temporary Lakes-Caves in Limestone

-Caves in and underneath Lava-" Crystal Cellars "-Rock-shelters

-Sea-caves.

250

266

CHAPTER XIV

BASINS.

Basins due to Crustal Deformation-Crater-lakes-Dissolution

Basins-Lakes formed by Rivers-Æolian Basins-Drainage dis-

turbed by Landslips-Glacial Basins of various kinds; as in Corries,

Mountain-valleys, Lowlands, and Plateaux-Ice-barrier Basins-

Submarine Basins of Glacial Origin.

278

CHAPTER XV

COAST-LINES

Form and general trend of Coast-lines-Smooth or Regular Coasts

-Influence of Geological Structure on various forms assumed by

Cliffs-Cliffs cut in Bedded and in Amorphous Rocks-Sea-caves-

Flat Coast-lines and Coastal Plains-Indented or Irregular Coasts-

General trends of Coast-lines determined by form of Land-surface—

Subordinate Influence of Marine Erosion.

CHAPTER XVI

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND-FORMS

Plains of Accumulation and of Erosion-Plateaux of Accumulation

and Erosion-Hills and Mountains: Original or Tectonic, and Sub-

sequent or Relict Mountains-Valleys: Original or Tectonic, and

Subsequent or Erosion Valleys-Basins-Coast-lines.

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER XVII

PAGE

315

335

364

The study of the Structure and Formation of Surface-features prac-

tically involves that of the Evolution of the Land.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE

I. Section of Horizontal Strata

2.

Section across an Anticline.

3. Section across Normal Anticlines and Synclines

Section across Anticlines and Synclines with Inclined Axes

4.

8.

9.

Section and Bird's-eye View of Colorado Plateau (Powell)
Diagrammatic Section across Colorado Plateau

through Horizontal Strata (after Captain Dutton).

II.

12.

Map of an Island composed of Dome-shaped Strata.

10. Diagrammatic Section showing Stages of Erosion by a River cutting

Section across Suderoe (Faröe Islands) on a true scale

13. Section through the Island shown in Fig. 12

15. Enlarged section of a portion of the Island shown in Fig. 12 16. Diagram Map of Plateau of Erosion

II

41

51

54

58

62

69

74

74

75

77

78

21. Section across Permian Volcanic Basin, Ayrshire

22. Synclinal Hills and Anticlinal Valleys

23. Escarpment Hills and Synclinal Hill

Section across West Lomond Hill and the Ochils 25. Synclinal Valley, West of Green River (Powell) 26. Anticlinal Ridge, Green River Plains (Powell).

86

87

88

88

34.

35.

Section from Quinaig to Head of Glenbeg (Geol. Survey)

Synclinal Double-fold

36. Anticlinal Double-fold

37. Diagram of Mountain Flexures

39. Synclinal Valley shifting toward Anticlinal Axis

38. Diagram of Anticlinal Mountains

40. Section across the Swiss Alps (A. Heim).

41. Summit of Santis, East Side (A. Heim)

42. Section across the Schortenkopf, Bavarian Alps (E. Fraas)

43.

44.

Section across the Kaisergebirge, Eastern Alps (E. Fraas)
Section across the Val d'Uina (Gümbel)

45.

Sichelkamm of Wallenstadt (Heim)

46. Section across the Northern Limestone Alps (E. Fraas) 47. Section across the Diablerets (Renevier).

49.

Inversion and Overthrust in the Mountains South of the Lake of

51. Section across Western part of the Jura Mountains (P. Choffat)
52. Section across part of the Sandstone-zone of the Middle Carpathians
(Vacek)

116

116

53. Section across part of the Middle Carpathians (Vacek)

54. Section across the Appalachian Ridges of Pennsylvania (H. D.
Rogers)

55. Unsymmetrical Folds, giving rise to Escarpments and Ridges
56. Structure of the Ardennes (after Cornet and Briart).
57. Diagrammatic Section across a Plateau of Erosion
58. Section across portion of Southern Uplands, showing Old Red Sand-
stone resting upon Plain of Erosion

59. Section from Glen Lyon to Carn Chois (Geol. Survey)

61. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Downthrow Side

155

62. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Upcast Side.

63. Faults in Queantoweep Valley, Grand Cañon District (Dutton)
64. Ranges of the Great Basin (Hinman, after Gilbert: length of section,
120 miles).

65. Section from the Mediterranean across the Mountains of Palestine to the Mountains of Moab (after M. Blanckenhorn).

66. Section across the Vosges and the Black Forest (after Penck)