ATTACHMENT E

[From NAS News Report]

Cospar is one of several committees organized by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) to continue international cooperative scientific activities initiated during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). ICSU, Cospar, and other ICSU committees are nongovernmental organizations in which scientists from many nations participate through their national academies of sciences, national research councils, or similar bodies. The adherent scientific organization for the United States is the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences which acted as host to the Cospar meeting in Washington.

Cospar itself was established by ICSU in October 1958 to carry on the rocket and satellite programs which originated during the IGY. At its four prior meetings Cospar developed a charter and organized and initiated effective programs of scientific cooperation. Information has been exchanged annually on experiments conducted in space by the member national scientific institutions. Between meetings information on the launching of satellites and rockets is exchanged through the Spacewarn world network of rapid communications and through the rocket and satellite subcenters of the World Data Centers initiated during the IGY. A series of international rocket intervals has been established with an increased number of countries participating each year. Special studies of particularly interesting events have been initiated; notably the study of the remarkable geophysical effects of July 1959 and November 1960; reference tables for the properties of the upper atmosphere have been published, and the needs of special experimenters for allocations of radio frequencies have been drawn to the attention of appropriate international agencies.

Cospar has held two previous_international space science symposia. The first was held at Nice, France, in January 1960 and was attended by about 300 scientists from 12 countries and included the presentation of over 90 scientific papers. The second was held at Florence, Italy, in April 1961. Attendance exceeded 300 scientists from 27 countries and included about 117 scientific papers. The published volumes of the scientific papers of both of these symposia have become important compendiums of space science literature.

In addition to the exchange of scientific results through symposia and the cooperative scientific projects developed through Cospar working groups, Cospar has also provided the climate for cooperation in other ways. The offer by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to launch satellite experiments developed by scientists from other countries was made through Cospar. The first results of this offer were announced at the Cospar meeting in Washington, namely the successful launching of the joint United States-United Kingdom satellite, Ariel I. Similar joint launchings are under preparation, notably the topside sounder satellite being developed in Canada for launching during the latter part of 1962. Similar joint projects are under development with Italy and discussions with other countries are presently taking place. NASA cooperative programs are also extending the scope of activities in other countries in the launching of rocket experiments; notably, sodium vapor studies by Italy and Pakistan, mapping of ultraviolet radiation of the southern skies in Australia, and studies of noctilucent clouds in Sweden. Programs similar to the foregoing have, in a very few years, increased from 2 to 6 the number of countries launching satellites, and from 5 to 13 the number of countries launching rocket experiments. Some 44 countries have cooperative arrangements with NASA for ground-based experiments related to those conducted in space, and about 24 countries have cooperated with NASA in operational activities, such as tracking. All of these cooperative activities are significantly increasing the scientific and technical competence of scientific communities around the world, and contribute to broader based and sounder collaborative enterprises in space research.

The overall program for collaborative research in connection with the IQSY is under the purview of the Comité International de Géophysique (CIG) which has established a special committee for this program under Prof. W. J. G. Beynon of the University College of Wales. At the request of CIG, Cospar has taken cognizance of the space aspects of this program and at the Florence meeting last year developed a number of recommendations which were reviewed by CIG at the Paris meeting in March 1962. In Washington, Cospar further reviewed proposals for the IQSY and reorganized its Working Group II as the working group on the IQSY under the chairmanship of Herbert Friedman of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. The new working group, in addition to the IQSY, will consider space experiments for the World Magnetic Survey (WMS) and will

give attention to preliminary plans for experiments to be conducted in space during the next period of maximum solar activity.

One of the interesting developments in recent years has been the great growth in the use of sounding rockets to probe the lower and upper atmosphere. Activities of this sort have been undertaken by a number of countries around the world and in several, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, reasonably comprehensive sounding rocket networks are coming into being. In an effort to hasten the day when such synoptic rocket experiments can be conducted on a nearly worldwide basis, Cospar has established a Panel on Synoptic Sounding Rocket Experiments under the chairmanship of J. Blamont, of France. In connection with the IQSY, this Panel will attempt to stimulate and coordinate the growth of a meteorological rocketsonde network; and Harry Wexler, national correspondent of Cospar's Working Group for the IQSY, has been named to contact key individuals in a number of countries to develop a program that will lead to reasonably complete maps of wind and temperature patterns. An attempt will be made to schedule launchings in accordance with the program for aerological observations recommended by the CIG.

In order to advance the study of winds in the lower ionosphere (up to about 200 km.), a series of simultaneous rocket measurements will be organized on two 3-day periods beginning October 25, 1962, and February 24, 1963. The technique employed will include grenade sodium clouds and visible grenade glows. A similar series of simultaneous rocket and ground based wind measurements are to be organized at approximately 6-month intervals during the IQSY.

Plans are also being developed for an ionospheric sounding rocket program during sun spot minimum to increase our understanding of the physical processes in the D and E regions of the ionosphere.

During the Washington meeting of Cospar, the United States announced plans to launch a geodetic satellite with a flashing light. Potential observers in other countries with suitable optical equipment will be encouraged to make observations and photograph the flashing beacon. Participants from other countries are to be provided with full information concerning the orbit and schedule of flash sequences. Cospar welcomed this announcement, and in a related action adopted recommendations on the establishment of new precision-tracking stations intended to fill gaps in the existing geodetic network in an effort to improve data on the shape of the earth. A small group consisting of F. L. Whipple (United States), B. G. Pressey (United Kingdom), and C. de Jager (the Netherlands) was formed to draft the text of a manual providing basic information to institutions planning new optical tracking stations.

Cospar also announced the issuance of a final draft of its comprehensive list of world optical tracking stations and preparations are advancing for completing a similar world list of radio tracking stations. During the past year Cospar has been developing a new unified system of synoptic codes for the transmission of orbital elements through the Spacewarn worldwide rapid communications network, and the completion of this project was announced at this meeting. In a related action, a change was adopted in the scientific scheme for designating satellites. Since Sputnik I, satellites have been designated by the year of launch with a Greek letter for order of launch. For example, Sputnik I was known as 1957 Alpha and Sputnik II as 1957 Beta. This Greek letter scheme will be replaced on January 1, 1963, by a scheme based on simple arabic numerals. As a further step in improving exchange of information about satellites in orbit, experiments launched in rockets, and scientific results from experiments conducted in space, Cospar has revised its guide to the World Data Centers-the network through which such information is made available to scientists throughout the world. The revised guide systematizes agreements on the exchange of information which originated in connection with the IGY and which have been made somewhat more complete and detailed since then by Cospar.

In 1961, the "Cospar International Reference Atmosphere" (CIRA) for properties of the upper atmosphere above 32 kilometers was published. The Cospar working group responsible for this work was reorganized on a more continuing basis to keep under review the need for revisions of these tables in the light of new experimental results.

In response to a request from ICSU, Cospar has established a Consultative Group on Potentially Harmful Effects of Space Experiments. This group will consist of six high-level scientists of broad competence, including among them experts in astronomy, radiation physics, atmospheric physics and chemistry, communications, meteorite penetration, and microbiology. It will act as a focal point for developing quantitative studies on problems raised by space experi

ments that may have harmful effects, will operate in consultation with appropriate ICSU unions, and where necessary will appoint and arrange for the convening of ad hoc working groups of specialists.

The next meeting of Cospar will be held in June 1963 at Warsaw, Poland, at the invitation of the Academy of Sciences of Poland. Firm decisions on the content and scope of the scientific symposium associated with the next annual assembly of Cospar will be made by the Cospar Bureau scheduled to meet sometime late in 1962.

At the close of Cospar's Fifth Assembly the following conclusions might provide a reasonable general summary of progress in the scientific activities of interest to Cospar and in the tasks of Cospar itself.

First, the scientific presentations at the Cospar symposium indicate progress in obtaining new scientific results with rockets, satellites, and more conventional means regarding the upper atmosphere of the earth and the physical processes operating in interplanetary space. Less progress was reported in scientific results obtained with deep space missions. The same is true in the field of exobiology and in the problems of avoiding contamination of the planets; in these latter two areas, however, prerequisite ground work is well underway. The tremendous problems being solved to make possible successful manned space flight have not been of central interest to Cospar; however, as indicated by the remarkable achievements in this field reported to Cospar by the United States and the Soviet Union, the results of these achievements will be of increasing importance to science.

Second, the International Year of the Quiet Sun (IQSY) will be the major cooperative scientific undertaking involving experiments in space for the next few years, and Cospar will continue to play a major role in planning the many anticipated experiments to be launched aboard rockets and satellites.

Third, experiments conducted in space are generally accompanied by scientific problems of an interdisciplinary character, since new results of such experiments gain full value only when coordinated and compared with results obtained by more conventional methods. Cospar is essentially an interdisciplinary committee and will continue to increase the scope of its function as a valuable communication link between scientific disciplines.

Fourth, with this Assembly, Cospar's work has become even better known to the scientific community and to the public. Recognition of this fact is evident in the references to Cospar in recent resolutions of the U.N. and the subsequent activities of its Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The attention given to Cospar and the scientific presentations at its Third International Space Science Symposium by the press and the public reinforced this recognition and should assist Cospar in fulfilling to the maximum its most important function: that of providing the catalyst for the generation of scientific goals and objectives to be achieved by experiments in space behind which can be mobilized the scientific communities of the world.

APPENDIX A

Additional statements submitted for the record:

ADDITIONAL STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRMAN

After having heard the 2 days of testimony from the 10 distinguished scientists and also having read several comments in the press regarding these hearings, there are two clarifying comments that I wish to submit for the record.

There seems to be somewhat of a misconception that the only goal our country has in space is the manned lunar landing program in this decade. While this is certainly an important goal, and admittedly will command the greatest percentage of effort and resources, it is not, of course, the only goal. President Kennedy delivered a message to the Congress on May 25, 1961, entitled “Urgent National Needs." The entire section of that speech on space was as follows:

SPACE

"Finally, if we are to win the battle that is going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, if we are to win the battle for men's minds, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take. Since early in my term our efforts in space have been under review. With the advice of the Vice President, who is Chairman of the National Space Council, we have examined where we are strong and where we are not, where we may succeed and where we may not. Now it is time to take longer strides-time for a great new American enterprise-time for this Nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement which in many ways may hold the key to our future on earth.

"I believe we possess all the resources and all the talents necessary.

But the

facts of the matter are that we have never made the national decisions or marshaled the national resources required for such leadership. We have never specified long-range goals on an urgent time schedule, or managed our resources and our time so as to insure their fulfillment.

“Recognizing the headstart obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines, which gives them many months of leadtime, and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes, we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own. For while we cannot guarantee that we shall one day be first, we can guarantee that any failure to make this effort will find us last. We take an additional risk by making it in full view of the world-but as shown by the feat of Astronaut Shepard, this very risk enhances our stature when we are successful. But this is not merely a race. Space is open to us now; and our eagerness to share its meaning is not governed by the efforts of others. We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share.

"I therefore ask the Congress, above and beyond the increases I have earlier requested for space activities, to provide the funds which are needed to meet the following national goals:

"First, I believe that this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. No single space project in this period will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. Including necessary supporting research, this objective will require an additional $531 million this year and still higher sums in the future. We propose to accelerate development of the appropriate lunar spacecraft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters much larger than any now being developed, until certain 1 H. Doc. No. 174, 87th Cong., 1st sess.

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which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations-explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this Nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon-we make this judgment affirmatively-it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.

"Second, an additional $23 million, together with $7 million already available, will accelerate development of the Rover nuclear rocket. This is a technological enterprise in which we are well on the way to striking progress, and which gives promise of some day providing a means for even more exciting and ambitious exploration of space, perhaps beyond the moon, perhaps to the very ends of the solar system itself.

"Third, an additional $50 million will make the most of our present leadership by accelerating the use of space satellites for worldwide communications. When we have put into space a system that will enable people in remote areas of the earth to exchange messages, hold conversations, and eventually see television programs, we will have achieved a success as beneficial as it will be striking. Fourth, an additional $75 million-of which $53 million is for the Weather Bureau will help give us at the earliest possible time a satellite system for worldwide weather observation. Such a sytem will be of inestimable commercial and scientific value; and the information it provides will be made freely available to all the nations of the world.

"Let it be clear-and this is a judgment which the Members of the Congress must finally make-let it be clear that I am asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action-a course which will last for many years and carry very heavy costs, $531 million in the fiscal year 1962 and an estimated $7-$9 billion additional over the next 5 years. If we are to go only halfway, or reduce our sights in the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be better not to go at all. This is a choice which this country must make, and I am confident that under the leadership of the space committees of the Congress and the Appropriations Committees you will consider the matter carefully. It is a most important decision that we make as a nation; but all of you have lived through the last 4 years and have seen the significance of space and the adventures in space, and no one can predict with certainty what the ultimate meaning will be of the mastery of space. I believe we should go to the moon, But think every citizen of this country as well as the Members of Congress should consider the matter carefully in making their judgment, to which we have given attention over many weeks and months, as it is a heavy burden; and there is no sense in agreeing, or desiring, that the United States take an affirmative position in outer space unless we are prepared to do the work and bear the burdens to make it successful. If we are not, we should decide today.

"Let me stress also that more money alone will not do the job. This decision demands a major national commitment of scientific and technical manpower, material, and facilities, and the possibility of their diversion from other important activities where they are already thinly spread. It means a degree of dedication, organization, and discipline which have not always characterized our research and development efforts. It means we cannot afford undue work stoppages, inflated costs of material or talent, wasteful interagency rivalries, or a high turnover of key personnel.

"New objectives and new money cannot solve these problems. They could, in fact, aggravate them further unless every scientist, every engineer, every serviceman, every technician, contractor, and civil servant involved gives his personal pledge that this Nation will move forward, with the full speed of freedom, in the exciting adventure of space."

It will be noted that four national goals were delineated in addition to which the importance of engine development and unmanned satellites are clearly stated as part of the manned lunar effort.

Perhaps, since it has been 2 years since the President stated those goals, it might now be possible to expand and refine our space goals, but it is clear that these four stand at the heart of our efforts and that a manned lunar program has never been our only goal.

A second point I should like to make is that these hearings most definitely were not held in order, as one trade magazine put it, to provide "a forum for distinguished scientists who have derided the Apollo effort with assertions that the money would be better spent on cancer research or foreign aid." I think that even a casual examination of the testimony would reveal that a broad spectrum of scientific opinion was expressed and this, of course, was what the committee