Messages and Papers of the Presidents, II., III., in connection with Jackson's messages. E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy (1886), is valuable for commercial negotiations. George P. Garrison, "First Stage of the Movement for the Annexation of Texas" (American Historical Review, X., 72-96), is a recent study of importance; see also the same author's Westward Extension (American Nation, XVII.). CIVIL SERVICE The most recent discussion of Jackson's civil service policy is Carl R. Fish, The Civil Service and the Patronage (Harvard Historical Studies, XI., 1905). Lucy M. Salmon, History of the Appointing Power of the President (American Historical Association Papers, I., No. 5, 1886), pays more attention to the constitutional aspects of the subject. Both works are admirable examples of sound scholarship. The foot-notes and appendices give full lists of authorities. The subject is discussed by all the general historians and by many biographers. POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION The standard history of presidential elections is Edward Stanwood, History of the Presidency (1898), a revised and enlarged edition of the same author's History of Presidential Elections (1884). Besides historical data, the work gives the texts of party platforms and carefully compiled tables of electoral and popular votes. The platforms and votes are also collected in T. H. McKee, National Platforms of all Political Parties (1892), and Cooper and Fenton, American Politics (rev. ed., 1884). The growth and organization of parties are treated in Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Political Parties in the United States (1867), extracted from the author's Autobiography, now among the Van Buren manuscripts in the Library of Congress; F. Byrdsall, History of the Loco-Foco or Equal Rights Party (1842); J. D. Hammond, History of Political Parties in the State of New York (2 vols., 4th ed., 1850), continued by the same author's Silas Wright; James A. Woodburn, Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States (1903); R. M. Ormsby, History of the Whig Party (1859), strongly partisan; Anson D. Morse, "Political Influence of Andrew Jackson," in Political Science Quarterly, I., 153-162; J. P. Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt (2 vols., rev. ed., 1872), for the Anti-Masonic party; Lyon G. Tyler, Parties and Patronage in the United States (1891); H. J. Ford, Rise and Growth of American Politics (1898), a brilliant essay; McCarthy, Anti-Masonic Party (Am. Hist. Assoc., Reports, 1902, I.). Works of prime importance in their respective fields are Edward C. Mason, The Veto Power (Harvard Historical Monographs, No. 1, 1891), M. P. Follett, The Speaker of the House of Representatives (1896); L. G. McConachie, Congressional Committees (1898); Clara E. Kerr, The United States Senate (1895). THE WEST The principal literature, other than documentary sources, on the westward expansion, 1828 to 1860, is given with annotations in J. N. Larned, Literature of American History, 206-213. Aside from some chapters in the secondary works, the best authorities are the biographies of western statesmen. See Frederick J. Turner, Rise of the New West (American Nation, XIV.). STATE HISTORY The state constitutions and enabling acts are collected in Ben. Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions (2 vols., 1877). The journals and debates of constitutional conventions are also important. State histories are not, as a rule, of a high order. An elaborate list is given in Channing and Hart, Guide, 57-78; another, with annotations, in J. N. Larned, Literature of American History, 358-394. The best brief works are those in the American Commonwealths series, of which Frank B. Sanborn, New Hampshire (1904); Alexander Johnston, Connecticut (1887); E. N. Roberts, New York (2 vols., 1887); Rufus King, Ohio (1888); J. P. Dunn, Indiana (1888); Thomas M. Cooley, Michigan (1885); and Nathaniel S. Shaler, Kentucky (1885), are useful for the Jackson period. INDEX 22. Arkansas, territory, 5; admis- BALTIMORE, population (1830), ADAMS, J. Q., and Jackson's Arbuthnot, Alexander, hanged, term suggested, 183, 241; Anti-Mason party, in 1828, tion (1832), 247.. Arbitration, General Armstrong, 211. IO. Bank of United States, Jack- |