(5 vols. published, 1883-1900), enters Jackson's first administration: the work has special value for social and economic conditions. Jefferson Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (2 vols., 1881); Horace Greeley, The American Conflict (2 vols., 1864-1867); E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause (1867); Alexander H. Stephens, Constitutional View of the War between the States (2 vols., 1868-1870); Henry Wise, Seven Decades of the Union (1872), and St. George Tucker, History of the United States (4 vols., 18561858), are important for the r discussions of state rights, nullification, and kindred topics. A. W. Young, The American Statesman (1860) is an old-fashioned compilation, of some usefulness for its summaries of debates in Congress, but otherwise unimportant.

The most important single-volume works covering the period are Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion (1892); John W. Burgess, Middle Period (1897); and C. H. Peck, The Jacksonian Epoch (1899). Edwin E. Sparks, Story of the United States (2 vols., 1904), is an excellent summary.

Special mention should be made of several valuable signed articles by Alexander Johnston in J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia of Political Science, etc. (3 vols., 1881-1884), especia ly those on "Bank Controversies," Cherokee Case," "Internal Improvements," "Nullification," and "State Sovereignty."

POLITICAL BIOGRAPHIES

The biographical literature is very extensive. James Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson (3 vols., 1861), is the most elaborate account yet offered of Jackson's career, and the mine from which later writers have freely drawn. The work has remarkable wealth of incident, and is written in a lively, cynical style; but it is devoid of proportion and without critical worth. John H. Eaton, Life of Andrew Jackson (1842), is a glowing account of Jackson's early career, principally on its military side, written to further Jackson's presidential aspirations. Amos Kendall, Life of

Andrew Jackson (1843-1844), is a fragment, the narrative extending only to 1814. The best-known recent account is W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson (revised edition, 1899), in the American Statesmen series. The volume shows extended research, but is inaccurate in details, disproportioned, and pervadingly hostile to Jackson. B. M. Dusenbery, Monument to the Memory of General Andrew Jackson (1846), contains twenty-five eulogies and sermons on Jackson's death, together with a sketch of his life. A new life of Jackson based on the manuscripts is in preparation by John S. Bassett.

Elaborate biographies, often treating at length of the general history of the time, are: Calvin Colton, Life and Times of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1846); D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1843); James B. Swain, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay (2 vols., 1842); George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan (2 vols., 1883); Lyon G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers (3 vols., 1884-1896); George T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster (2 vols., 1870); J. P. Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt (2 vols., 1849); William W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story (2 vols., 1851).

Noteworthy briefer biographies are: Josiah Quincy, Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams (1858); William H. Seward, Life and Public Services of John Quincy Adams (1849); I. C. Pray, Memoirs of James Gordon Bennett (1855); W. L. Mackenzie, Lives and Opinions of Benjamin F. Butler and Jesse Hoyt (1845); S. G. Brown, Life of Rufus Choate (1870); Ann M. Coleman, Life of J. J. Crittenden (2 vols., 1871); Epes Sargent, Life and Public Services of Henry Clay (1859); Cyrus P. Bradley, Isaac Hill (1835); George Bancroft, Martin Van Buren (1889); William Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent (1898); C. H. Hunt, Life of Edward Livingston (1864); William E. Dodd, Life of Nathaniel Macon (1903); G. S. Hillard, Memoir and Correspondence of Jeremiah Mason (1873); H. A. Garland, Life of John Randolph (2 vols., 1850); Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger B. Taney (1876); J. S. Jenkins, Life of Silas Wright

(1847); J. D. Hammond, Life and Times of Silas Wright (1848).

The following biographies in the American Statesmen series are, in the main, admirable brief accounts: John T. Morse, John Quincy Adams; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay (2 vols.); A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton; Edward M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren; Henry Cabot Lodge, Daniel Webster; H. E. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun. The revised edition (1899) of this series is to be preferred.

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Most of the Jackson papers that have been preserved are in the Library of Congress. The collection is extensive, but the bulk of it consists of military papers, letters to Jackson, and copies of official documents. Many of the most important papers were intrusted to Amos Kendall for use in writing a life of Jackson, and were destroyed in a fire which consumed Kendall's library.

The Library of Congress also possesses large collections of the papers of James K. Polk and of Martin Van Buren. The latter contain numerous letters of Jackson. Another collection of Van Buren manuscripts remains in private hands. A transcript of the Polk diary is in the New York Public Library (Lenox Branch), and is soon to be published.

Brief accounts of these manuscript collections are given in Van Tyne and Leland, Guide to the Archives of the Government of the United States in Washington (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 14, 1904), 197, 199, 200; and James Schouler, "The Jackson and Van Buren Papers," in Atlantic Monthly, XCV., 217-225.

A selection from the papers of Joel R. Poinsett in the library of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, edited by J. B. McMaster, is announced for early publication.

PRINTED DOCUMENTARY SOURCES

The chief printed documentary sources are the official publications of the United States government, usually re

ferred to as Congressional Documents. From 1817 to 1847 these publications are classified as Senate Journals, Senate Documents, House Journals, House Documents, and, after 1819, House Reports of Committees. Many of the volumes of House documents, however, to 1830, have the binder's title State Papers, and, after that, of Executive Documents. The Executive or Secret Journals of the Senate, a separate series, extend to 1869.

Many of the most important documents to about 1838 are reprinted in American State Papers, classified as follows: Foreign Relations (6 vols.), Indian Affairs (2 vols.), Finance (5 vols.), Commerce and Navigation (2 vols.), Military Affairs (7 vols.), Naval Affairs (4 vols.), Post Office (1 vol.), Public Lands (8 vols.), Claims (1 vol.), Miscellaneous (2 vols.). This series is well arranged and indexed.

The debates of Congress from 1825 to 1837 are reported in the Register of Debates (29 vols.), otherwise cited as Debates of Congress or Congressional Debates. The Congressional Globe begins in 1833, the two series thus overlapping four years. Appendices contain the acts of Congress passed during the session, together with important documents. Thomas H. Benton, Abridgement of Debates in Congress (16 vols., 1857-1861), is a useful compendium.

The acts of Congress are published under the title of Statutes at Large. Volume VIII. contains an index to the series, to 1845. The most accessible collection of treaties is Treaties and Conventions (edition of 1889), with valuable historical and legal notes by J. C. Bancroft Davis. The decisions of the supreme court are referred to by the name of the reporter, those from 1828 to 1842 being cited as Peters (16 vols.). J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (8 vols.), though unscientific in arrangement and apparatus, has superseded earlier collections in its field.

The maze of state documents is best explored by the aid of R. R. Bowker, State Publications (2 vols., 1899-1902), the annual Reports of the Public Archives Commission (in American Historical Association, Annual Reports, 1900

1904), and the occasional catalogues or finding-lists of state libraries and historical societies.

COLLECTED WRITINGS OF STATESMEN

Of the writings of Webster there are three editions: one of 1846 (" 8th ed.," 3 vols.), one of 1851 (6 vols.), and one of 1903 (18 vols.). The first two were prepared under Webster's direction; the edition of 1903 includes the other two. To these are to be added the Private Correspondence (2 vols., 1857), edited by Fletcher Webster; and Letters of Daniel Webster (1902), edited by C. H. Van Tyne. The writings of Calhoun comprise his Works (6 vols., 1853-1855), and the Correspondence, edited by J. F. Jameson (American Historical Association, Report, 1899, vol. II.). Clay's Works (6 vols., 1863) and Private Correspondence (1855) have been edited by Colton. Levi Woodbury, Writings (3 vols., 1852), and Writings of Hugh S. Legaré, edited by his sister (2 vols., 1846), are important. Extracts from contemporary discussions of political and social questions are given in A. B. Hart, American History told by Contemporaries (1897-1901), III., 509-573

BOOKS OF REMINISCENCE

The mass of autobiographic and reminiscent writing on this period is large. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs (12 vols., 1874-1877), and Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View (2 vols., 1854-1857), are of pre-eminent importance. Other writers whose recollections include the Jackson period are S. C. Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (2 vols., 1856); Lyman Beecher, Autobiography (2 vols., 18631865); James A. Hamilton, Reminiscences (1869); Peter Harvey, Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Daniel Webster (1877); Amos Kendall, Autobiography (1872), a collection of papers and memoranda edited by W. Stickney; Robert Mayo, Political Sketches of Eight Years in Washington (1839); Ben. Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences (2 vols.,