2. To identify research needs, including areas of research requiring additional emphasis; 3. To achieve more effective utilization of the scientific and technological resources and facilities of Federal agencies, including the elimination of unnecessary duplication; 4. To further international cooperation in science and technology. (See Reference 18.) The Council is composed of the Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, who serves as Chairman, and officials with scientific or professional background of policy rank from eight departments and agencies most heavily engaged in scientific research and development. Observers are also appointed from Bureau of the Budget, Department of State, and Federal Aviation Agency. Current membership of the Federal Council is listed below: Dr. Donald F. Hornig (Chairman), Special Assistant to the Dr. Nyle C. Brady, Department of Agriculture Dr. Edward W. Dempsey, Department of Health, Education, Dr. Leland J. Haworth, National Science Foundation Mr. James E. Webb, National Aeronautics and Space Ad- OFFICIAL OBSERVERS Gen. William F. McKee, Federal Aviation Agency Dr. Herman Pollock (Acting), Department of State Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr., Arms Control and Disarmament Mr. Edwin S. Mills, Council of Economic Advisers Mr. Elmer B. Staats, Bureau of the Budget EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Dr. Charles Kidd, Office of Science and Technology NOTE 5. The National Science Foundation is responsible for promoting education in the sciences but has carried out these functions by endeavoring to balance support in all fields without explicitly supporting any single one. NOTE 6. Federal agencies currently participating in one or more aspects of oceanographic research and represented on the ICO include Navy Department: Office of the Oceanographer; Bureau of Army: Corps of Engineers Commerce: Coast and Geodetic Survey; Weather Bureau; Interior: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Geological Survey; Atomic Energy Commission Health, Education, and Welfare: Public Health Service Smithsonian Institution Soon after its formation, the Interagency Committee on Oceanography undertook to tabulate oceanographic activities and budgets of these Federal agencies and denoted the aggregate set of activities as the "National Oceanographic Program." Subsequently, the ICO initiated Government-wide planning in oceanography such that the program of each agency reflected plans of others. Programs are now published annually by the ICO, the most recent presented as Reference 27. Government-wide budgets are listed by agency and by functions of research, surveys, ships, instrumentation, and shore facilities. No division is made between basic and applied research or engineering. Analysis of ICO operations are contained in References 7, 13, 22, and 25. NOTE 7. This bill took explicit note of NASCO recommendations and TENOC, and provided for the construction of new ships, new facilities, and instruments, the development of manpower, the establishment of a national oceanographic records center and of international cooperation and emphasized application of oceanographic research to improve economic and general welfare related to living, marine resources. The proposed Planning and Coordinating Division in the National Science Foundation was authorized and directed to develop a continuing national policy and program that included Navy's TENOC; to recommend contracts and grants for education and research; to encourage cooperation of participating Federal agencies, the NAS, and universities; to foster information exchange; and to evaluate scientific aspects of programs sponsored by the Federal Government. Highly detailed authorization was included in the bill in terms of funds, sizes, and numbers of ships, etc. NOTE 8. The National Oceanographic Data Center would acquire, process, and disseminate a wide variety of scientific, technological, and related environmental information. It would be guided by an advisory board representing four other Federal agencies and reporting to the Secretary of Commerce. The National Instrumentation Center would provide test and calibration services for all Federal agencies and private institutions on a cost-reimbursable basis. 6 NOTE 9. In reporting out S. 2692 (Reference 6), the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee noted that oceanography is vital to national interests, that research in this field has been neglected and that it was the purpose of this bill to strengthen U.S. capabilities through a national policy of coordinated and balanced studies, the education and training of additional scientists, construction and operation of new ships and laboratories, the coordination of various Federal agency programs and improved international and interdepartmental exchange of data. The bill emphasized the importance of oceanography for military security and reflected a view that the U.S.S.R. program surpassed that of the entire free world. The Senate report contains comments from the executive agencies, all opposing enactment of S. 2692. While supporting goals, the agencies and the Bureau of the Budget asserted that growing Federal budgets in oceanography were already responsive to the NASCO proposals, that extension of NSF authority to coordinate programs of other agencies was inappropriate, and that such coordination was being initiated under the Federal Council. There was also strong objection to the specificity of authorization. NOTE 10. This 180-page analysis by the Legislative Reference Service (Reference 7) summarized arguments in support of oceanography by leaders of Congress and the executive branch, scientists, and others; inventoried existing U.S. capabilities in oceanography in terms of level of research, ships, laboratories, and manpower; made direct comparisons with Soviet oceanography; compared three different 10-year plans and identified issues in oceanography before the Congress concerning the degree of urgency, national goals and problems in organization to achieve these goals. The House Committee on Science and Astronautics endorsed the body of the report and added a set of 20 of its own conclusions that oceanography had been neglected, that expansion in the program was warranted by a factor of 4 over then-current levels and that such expansion could be achieved without waste through proper long-range and coordinated planning. The Committee was also sympathetic to the view that future expansion of oceanography should be concentrated more heavily in the civilian agencies than in the military, that although authority already existed for individual agencies to conduct parts of the program, coordination needed to be improved to meet criteria stated in the body of the report. The Committee also concluded that a major study of Federal organization for oceanography was necessary, particularly to explore whether objectives in program planning and coordination would best be accomplished through a new agency to plan and coordinate a national program, although major sectors would continue to be undertaken by existing agencies. Three advisory and coordinating committees were visualized; one similar to the ICO, one similar to NASCO, and a third reflecting interests of American industry and commerce. NOTE 11. While Federal funding for oceanography was growing in fiscal years 1960 and 1961, questions were raised by congressional committees as to whether this represented increased support or whether the scope of definition of Federal activities encompassed by the National Oceanographic Program had been expanded without actual increase in level of effort. The supplemental appropriations by President Kennedy explicitly increased funding to expand and replace the fleet that was made up almost exclusively of over-age converted ships, new shore facilities and new education and training programs. Survey and research programs were also somewhat increased (Reference 9, page 1). For funding trends, see Part III following these notes. NOTE 12. In supporting the Marine Science and Research Act of 1961 (Reference 12), the Committee listed 15 benefits from an expanded program of oceanographic research in both the seas and the Great Lakes. The bill included a statement of national policy that a sustained program of scientific studies, surveys, education, and training were vital to defense, to rehabilitation of commercial fisheries, and increased utilization of marine resources, living, chemical, and mineral; development of a better scientific knowledge of the world around us and to expand the Nation's commerce and navigation. The bill also legislated a coordinating mechanism. The report includes statements by executive agencies opposing the bill on the grounds that the administration was already accelerating oceanographic research budgets, that coordination was the responsibility of the newly founded FCST, so that all of the objectives of the bill would be accomplished without the need for new legislation. NOTE 13. According to the President's letter of transmittal dated March 29, 1962, the Director, OST, is expected to advise and assist the President as the President may request with respect to "1. Major policies, plans, and programs of science and technology of the various agencies of the Federal Government, giving appropriate emphasis to the relationship of science and technology to national security and foreign policy, and measure for furthering science and technology in the Nation. "2. Assessment of selected scientific and technical developments and programs in relation to their impact on national policies. "3. Review, integration, and coordination of major Federal activities in science and technology, giving due consideration to the effects of such activities on non-Federal resources and institutions. "4. Assuring that good and close relations exist with the Nation's scientific and engineering communities so as to further in every appropriate way their participation in strengthening science and technology in the United States and the free world. "5. Such other matters consonant with law as may be assigned by the President to the Office." Responsibilities for Government-wide planning and coordination in basic research and education had been the responsibility of the National Science Foundation. But since such policies transcend agency lines and since the Foundation is at the same organizational level as other agencies, new arrangements were instituted that permitted the President to utilize his Executive Office for advice and assistance on Government-wide issues in science and technology. With this legislative base, the Congress would have access to scientific advice at the level of the President that had previously been denied the Congress when such advisory apparatus operating both as the FCST and the President's Science Advisory Committee was chaired by the President's Science Adviser and thus protected by Executive privilege. NOTE 14. H.R. 12601 took note of the need for a strengthened program of oceanographic research, the interagency character of Federal programs, the objections raised by the executive branch to other proposed legislation and the recent establishment of the Office of Science and Technology for the explicit purpose of developing and coordinating programs that cross agency lines and the need for a legislative base for an annual congressional review of Governmentwide program and budgets previously lacking because the FCST had no legislative base. The Committee report includes objections of the executive branch concerning H.R. 4276, and noting these objections, considered H.R. 12601 as a clean bill to supersede H.R. 4276. Detailed analysis of needs for a national policy and for coordination in oceanography are set forth in Reference 14. NOTE 15. No explanation for the pocket veto of H.R. 12601 was released by the White House. From subsequent reports, hearings, etc., two major objections have been identified: First, that to give OST operating responsibility over other agencies violated the principles that it should only advise the President and not be interposed in lines of authority between the heads of other departments and the President. Second, the bill would also provide for a special staff in one field of science that could lead to a proliferation of such positions in OST for special fields of science. (See also House Report 621 accompanying H.R. 6997.) NOTE 16. The report "Oceanography: The Ten Years Ahead" embodies for the first time a statement by the executive branch of a national goal in oceanography: "To comprehend the world ocean, its boundaries, its properties, and its processes, and to exploit this comprehension in the public interest, in enhancement of our security, our culture, our international posture, and our economic growth.' The report also lists the coordinated plans for the decade 1963-72 of the 20 Federal agencies which conduct and sponsor oceanographic research. Included are a statement of research objectives and projections of the funds, facilities, and manpower needed for their accomplishment, categorized by agency, by function, and by subordinate goals of "strengthening basic science, improving national defense, managing resources in the world ocean, managing resources in domestic waters, protecting life and property, insuring the safety of operations |