(b) It shall be effective and stable when floating either way up; (c) It shall be fitted with fixed or collapsible bulwarks of wood, canvas, or other suitable material on both sides;

(d) It shall have a line securely becketed round the outside; (e) It shall be of such strength that it can be launched or thrown from the vessel's deck without being damaged, and if to be thrown it shall be of such size and weight that it can be easily handled;

(f) It shall have not less than 85 cubic decimeters (equivalent to 3 cubic feet) of air cases or equivalent buoyancy for each person to be carried thereon;

(g) It shall have a deck area of not less than 3,720 square centimeters (equivalent to 4 square feet) for each person to be carried thereon, and it shall effectively support the occupants out of the water;

(h) The air cases or equivalent buoyancy shall be placed as near as possible to the sides of the life raft, and such buoyancy shall not be by any means dependent on inflation by air.

REGULATION XXIX.-Buoyant Apparatus.

Buoyant apparatus, whether buoyant deck seats, buoyant deck chairs, or other buoyant apparatus, shall be deemed sufficient, so far as buoyancy is concerned, for a person or number of persons to be ascertained by dividing the number of kilograms of iron which it is capable of porting in fresh water by 14.5 (equivalent to the number of pounds divided by 32), and if the apparatus depends for its buoyancy on air it shall not require to be inflated before use in an emergency.

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The number of persons for whom the apparatus is deemed suitable shall be determined by the least of the numbers ascertained either as above or by the number of 30.5 centimeters (equivalent to 1 foot) in the perimeter.

Such approved buoyant apparatus shall comply with the following conditions:

1. It shall be constructed with proper workmanship and materials. 2. It shall be effective and stable when floating either way up.

3. It shall be of such size, strength, and weight that it can be handled without mechanical appliances and, if necessary, thrown without damage from the vessel's deck on which it is stowed.

4. The air cases or equivalent buoyancy shall be placed as near as possible to the sides of the apparatus.

5. It shall have a line securely becketed round the outside of the apparatus.

REGULATION XXX.-Cubic Capacity of Lifeboats of Class I.

(1) The cubic capacity of a lifeboat of Class I shall be determined by Stirling's (Simpson's) Rule or by any other method giving the same degree of accuracy. The capacity of a square-sterned boat shall be calculated as if the boat had a pointed stern.

(2) For example, the capacity in cubic meters (or cubic feet) of a boat, calculated by the aid of Stirling's Rule, may be considered as given by the following formula:

7 being the length of the boat in meters (or feet) from the inside of the planking or plating at the stem to the corresponding point at

the sternpost; in the case of a boat with a square stern, the length is measured to the inside of the transom.

A, B, C denote respectively the areas of the cross sections at the quarter length forward, amidships, and the quarter length aft, which correspond to the three points obtained by dividing 7 into four equal parts (the areas corresponding to the two ends of the boat are considered negligible).

The areas A, B, C shall be deemed to be given in square meters (or square feet) by the successive application of the following formula to each of the three cross sections:

h being the depth measured in meters (or in feet) inside the planking or plating from the keel to the level of the gunwale, or, in certain cases, to a lower level as determined hereafter.

a, b, c, d, e denote the horizontal breadths of the boat measured in meters (or in feet) at the upper and lower points of the depth and at the three points obtained by dividing hinto four equal parts (a and e being the breadths at the extreme points, and c at the middle point, of h).

(3) If the sheer of the gunwale, measured at the two points situated at a quarter of the length of the boat from the ends, exceeds 1 percent of the length of the boat, the depth employed in calculating the area of the cross sections A or C shall be deemed to be the depth amidships plus 1 percent of the length of the boat.

(4) If the depth of the boat amidships exceeds 45 percent of the breadth, the depth employed in calculating the area of the midship cross section B shall be deemed to be equal to 45 percent of the breadth, and the depth employed in calculating the areas of the quarter length sections A and C is obtained by increasing this last figure by an amount equal to 1 percent of the length of the boat, provided that in no case shall the depths employed in the calculation exceed the actual depths at these points.

(5) If the depth of the boat is greater than 122 centimeters (equivalent to 4 feet) the number of persons given by the application of this rule shall be reduced in proportion to the ratio of 122 centimeters to the actual depth, until the boat has been satisfactorily tested afloat with that number of persons on board, all wearing life jackets.

(6) Each Administration shall impose, by suitable formulae, a limit for the number of persons allowed in boats with very fine ends and in boats very full in form.

(7) Each Administration reserves the right to assign to a boat a capacity equal to the product of the length, the breadth, and the depth multiplied by 0.6 if it is evident that this formula does not give a greater capacity than that obtained by the above method. The dimensions shall then be measured in the following manner:

Length. From the intersection of the outside of the planking with the stem to the corresponding point at the sternpost or, in the case of a square-sterned boat, to the after side of the transom.

Breadth. From the outside of the planking at the point where the breadth of the boat is greatest.

Depth. Amidships inside the planking from the keel to the level of the gunwale, but the depth used in calculating the cubic capacity may not in any case exceed 45 percent of the breadth.

In all cases the shipowner has the right to require that the cubic capacity of the boat shall be determined by exact measurement.

(8) The cubic capacity of a motorboat is obtained from the gross capacity by deducting a volume equal to that occupied by the motor and its accessories, and, when carried, the wireless telegraphy installation and the searchlight with their accessories.

REGULATION XXXI.-Deck Area of Boats of Class II.

(1) The area of the deck of a decked boat shall be determined by the method indicated below or by any other method giving the same degree of accuracy. The same rule is to be applied in determining the area within the fixed bulwarks of a boat of Class II (a).

(2) For example, the surface in square meters (or square feet) of a boat may be deemed to be given by the following formula:

I being the length in meters (or in feet) from the intersection of the outside of the planking with the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post.

a, b, c, d, e denote the horizontal breadths in meters (or in feet) outside the planking at the points obtained by dividing into four equal parts and subdividing the foremost and aftermost parts into two equal parts (a and e being the breadths at the extreme subdivisions, c at the middle point of the length, and b and d at the intermediate points).

REGULATION XXXII.-Marking of Boats, Life Rafts and Buoyant Apparatus.

The dimensions of the boat and the number of persons which it is authorized to carry, shall be marked on it in clear permanent characters. These marks shall be specifically approved by the officers appointed to inspect the ship.

Life rafts and buoyant apparatus shall be marked with the number of persons in the same manner.

REGULATION XXXIII.-Carrying Capacity of Boats.

(1) The number of persons which a boat of one of the standard types can accommodate is equal to the greatest whole number obtained by dividing the capacity in cubic meters (or cubic feet), or the surface in square meters (or square feet), of the boat by the standard unit of capacity, or unit of surface (according to circumstances), defined below for each type.

(2) The standard units of capacity and surface for determining the number of persons are as follows:

(3) The Administration may accept, in place of 0.325 or 3, as the case may be, a smaller divisor, if it is satisfied after trial that the number of persons for whom there is seating accommodations in the decked boat in question is greater than the number obtained by applying the above divisor, provided always that the divisor adopted in place of 0.325 or 31⁄2, as the case may be, may never be less than 0.280 or 3, as the case may be.

The Administration which accepts a lower divisor in this way shall communicate to the other Administrations particulars of the trial and drawings of the decked boat in question.

REGULATION XXXIV.-Capacity Limits.

No boat shall be marked for a greater number of persons than that obtained in the manner specified in these Regulations.

This number shall be reduced

(1) When it is greater than the number of persons for which there is proper seating accommodation; the latter number shall be determined in such a way that the persons when seated do not interfere in any way with the use of the oars;

(2) When, in the case of boats other than those of Class I, the freeboard when the boat is fully loaded is less than the freeboard laid down for each type respectively; the number shall be reduced until the freeboard when the boat is fully loaded is at least equal to the standard freeboard laid down above.

In boats of Class II (b) (i), the raised part of the deck at the sides may be regarded as affording seating accommodation.

REGULATION XXXV.-Equivalents for and Weight of the Persons.

In the tests for determining the number of persons which a boat or life raft can accommodate, each person shall be assumed to be an adult person wearing a life jacket.

In verification of freeboard the decked boats shall be loaded with a weight of at least 75 kilometers (165 pounds) for each adult person that the decked boat is authorized to carry.

In all cases two children under 12 years of age shall be reckoned as one person.

REGULATION XXXVI.-Equipment of Boats and Life Rafts.

(1) The normal equipment of every boat shall consist of:

(a) A single banked complement of oars, two spare oars, and a steering oar; one set and a half of thole pins or crutches; a boat hook.

(b) Two plugs for each plug hole (plugs are not required when proper automatic valves are fitted); a bailer and a galvanized iron bucket.

(c) A rudder and a tiller or yoke and yoke lines.

(d) Two hatchets.

(e) A lamp filled with oil and trimmed.

(f) A mast or masts with one good sail at least, and proper gear

for each.

(9) An efficient compass.

(h) A life-line becketed round the outside.

(i) A sea anchor.

(j) A painter.

(k) A vessel containing 41⁄2 liters (equivalent to 1 gallon) of vegetable or animal oil. The vessel shall be so constructed

that the oil can be easily distributed on the water, and so arranged that it can be attached to the sea anchor.

(7) An airtight receptacle containing 1 kilogram (equivalent to 2 pounds) of provisions for each person.

(m) A watertight receptacle provided with a dipper with lanyard containing 1 liter (equivalent to 1 quart) of fresh water for each person.

(n) At least 1 dozen self-igniting "red lights" and a box of matches in watertight containers.

(0) Half a kilogram (equivalent to 1 pound) of condensed milk for each person.

(p) A suitable locker for the stowage of the small items of the equipment.

(a) Any boat which is certified to carry 100 or more persons shall be fitted with a motor and shall comply with the requirements of Regulation XXVII.

A motor lifeboat need not carry a mast or sails or more than half· the complement of oars, but it shall carry two boathooks.

Decked lifeboats shall have no plug hole, but shall be provided with at least two bilge pumps.

In the case of a ship which carries passengers in the North Atlantic north of 35° north latitude, only a proportion of the boats, to be fixed by the Administration, need be equipped with masts and sails, and only one-half the quantity of condensed milk need be carried.

(2) Where the number of lifeboats carried on a ship is more than 13, 1 shall be a motorboat, and where the number is more than 19, 2 shall be motorboats. These motor lifeboats shall be fitted with a wireless telegraph installation and a searchlight.

The wireless telegraph installation shall comply with conditions as to range and efficiency to be decided by each Administration.

The searchlight shall include a lamp of at least 80 watts, an efficient reflector and a source of power which will give effective illumination of a light-colored object over a width of about 18 meters (60 feet) at a distance of 180 meters (200 yards) for a total period of 6 hours, and it shall be capable of working for 3 hours continuously.

Where the power for the wireless equipment and the searchlight are derived from the same source, this shall be sufficient to provide for the adequate working of both appliances.

(3) The normal equipment of every approved life raft shall consist of

(a) Four oars.

(b) Five rowlocks.

(c) A self-igniting lifebuoy light.

(d) A sea anchor.

(e) A painter.

(f) A vessel containing 42 liters (equivalent to 1 gallon) of vegetable or animal oil. The vessel shall be so constructed