Reform of the Federal Budget. Public Affairs Bulletin No. 80. Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, April 1950, 168 pp. Describes methods of controlling executive expenditures at each stage of the budget process, alleged defects in budgetary practices at each stage, and makes an inventory of suggestions for reform.

"The Operation of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946." American Political Science Review. March 1951. pp. 41-68. Includes a review of operation of the provisions of the Act which were designed to strengthen fiscal control. See pages 62-65. Galloway, George B. "Next Steps in Congressional Reform." University of Illionis Bulletin. December 1952. 32 pp. Includes a description of congressional fiscal machinery, recent experience with the legislative budget and the consolidation of appropriations, and suggests four next steps toward fiscal control: (1) creation of a Joint Committee on Fiscal Policy; (2) consolidation of the appropriation bills; (3) item-veto power for the President; and (4) biennial appropriations. Gates, Theodore R. New strings for the public purse. Conference Board business record (New York) v. 9, January 1952: 26-34. Considers the following proposals: the creation of a Joint Committee on the budget; requiring consolidation of all (or nearly all) appropriations bills; actually abiding by the budget procedures contained in the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946; more professional assistance to legislators.

Griffith, Ernest S. Congress: Its Contemporary Role. New York. Oxford University Press. 1951. 191 pp. Chapter 7 describes the role of Congress in the appropriations process and recent efforts to achieve an overall view of fiscal policy.

Harris Joseph P. Needed reforms in the federal budget system. Public administration review (Chicago) v. 12, Autumn 1952: 242-250. Points out the weaknesses of our present system and reviews certain proposals for its improvement. Calls for closer executive-congressional relationship and the creation of a national commission of inquiry.

Hoffman, Pau! C. Living beyond our means. Atlantic monthly (Boston) v. 190, November 1952; 33-36. Urges careful examination of our federal expenditures, but sees small chance for a substantial reduction unless the Kremlin changes its attitude.

Huzar, Elias. The Purse and the Sword: Control of the Army by Congress through Military Appropriations. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press. 1950. 417 pp. A case study of the appropriations process in Congress, with special reference to the Military Establishment, covering the period 1933-1950. Includes chapters on "legislative control and administrative discretion" and "toward a tighter purse and a sharper sword." Johnson, Edwin C. Appropriations for support of government. Remarks in the Senate. Congressional record [Daily ed.] (Washington) v. 99, Jan. 13, 1953: 367-375. Proposes a percentage approach in making appropriations and outlines M. John Cramer's incentive plan for supervisors. Contends that the use of this plan would save money. Kammerer, Gladys M. Congressional Committee Staffing since 1946. Bureau of Government Research, University of Kentucky, 1951, 65 pp. An evaluation of the professional staffing of the standing committees of Congress under the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, including the staffing of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.

Krauss, E. A. A realistic appraisal of Truman's program and budget-how far will Congress go along? Magazine of Wall Street (New York) Jan. 26, 1952, v. 89: 441-43, 494-96. Analyses message from the standpoint of defense spending and its impact on business-especially the 1953-54 goal.

Kynaston, M. R. How pork fattens the federal budget. Public utilities fortnightly (Washington) May 24, 1951, v. 47: 688-694 "A critical analysis of past blunders and other excesses in Federal spending for public projects of strictly local benefit or no benefit at all."

League of Women Voters of the United States. Congressional Strings on the Public Purse. October 1952. 22 pp. A memorandum to the membership of the national league, describing the power of the purse, the evolution of the federal budget, the present budget system, and some better methods for congressional control.

Lewis, Verne H. Toward a theory of budgeting. Public administration preview (Chicago) v. 12, Winter 1952: 42-54. Examines the principles of budgeting

and offers an alternate budget procedure. The author is Chief, Budget Di. vision, Hanford Operating Office, Atomic Energy Commission. Lutz, Harley L. The administrative versus the cash-consolidated budget. New York, National Association of Manufacturers, 1951. 11 p. (Economic Policy Division series no. 46) Budget concepts and terminology. Disposition of cash surpluses. Effects of budget on public debt. Function of cash-consolidated budget. Distortions in administrative budget. A managed economy via fiscal policy. Major defects of "control" philosophys. Cash-consolidated budget as measure of pay-as-we-go. Macmahon, Arthur W. "Congressional Oversight of Administration: the Power of the Purse." Political Science Quarterly. June and September, 1943. pp. 161-190, 380-414. Gives a penetrating description of the legislative phase of the budget process.

Magill, Roswell. How to balance the federal budget. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science (New York) v. 25, May 1952: 13-22. Urges restoration of Congressional control of the budget, as well as suspension of all spending authorizations. Finds several loopholes which need close attention. March, Michael S. A comment on budgetary improvement in the national government. National tax journal (Lancaster) June 1952, v. 5: 155-173. Stresses the facts that the budget sums up all of our national policies. Makes suggestions for improvement in expenditures procedures. McClellan, John L. Evaluation of fiscal requirements of executive agenciesamendment of Legislative Reorganization act of 1946. Remarks in the Senate. Congressional Record [Daily ed.] (Washington) April 8, 1952, v. 98: 3720-24. A statement which favors a Congressional staff to investigate budget requests. The proposal seeks to aid both the Senate and House Appropriations committees.

Miller, Herbert J. Federal expenditures: They can be reduced. California, magazine of the Pacific (San Francisco) v. 42, September 1952:9, 31-32. Insists upon very careful scrutiny and investigation of all budget requests. Opposes the creation of any new function of government at the Federal level. Points out those areas where possible savings might be made. Miller, Herbert J. The key to government fiscal policies. Tax review (New York) v. 13, December 1952: 57-62. Emphasizes the lack of control over expenditures by the Congress due largely to carry-over funds. Makes proposals for adequate controls.

National Association of Manufacturers. Government Economy Committee. Cut the budget-how and where: an analysis of the President's budget for the fiscal year 1953, with recommended reductions. New York, 1952. 31 p. (Economic Policy Division series no. 47)

Netzer, Dick. Strategy and tactics in the budget process. Michigan business review (Ann Arbor) v. 4, September 1952: 16-20. “An analysis of the critical processes and the controlling decisions that determine the size and composition of the Federal budget." Notes that Congress could and should play a greater part determining expenditures especially in the authorization of legislation requiring funds.

Norrell, Rep. W. F. Remarks in the House of Representatives on the history of appropriation procedure since 1789. Congressional Record, April 5, 1950, pp. 4866-69. Descibes the historical development of the form of appropriation acts, the case for the omnibus bill procedure, and the extent of committee discretion with respect to different types of appropriation estimates. Nourse, Edwin G. Can we regain control of the Federal budget. Tax review (New York) v. 13, August 1952: p. 33-36. Urges a balanced budget and a stronger Congressional investigative staff and procedure. Phillips, Rep. John. "The Hadacol of the Budget Makers." National Tax Journal. September 1951. pp. 255-268. Congressman from California sets forth the "five major defects" of the single package supply bill. He is a member of the House Appropriations Committee.

President's Committee on Administrative Management. Report with Special Studies. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1937. 382 pp. Includes report on Fiscal Management and studies of "Financial Control and Accountability" and of "The General Accounting Office."

Public Administration Review (Chicago) Winter 1950: Symposium on budget theory. v. 10: 20-31. Budget-U.S.

Smith, George Cline. Economy is for others. Nation's business (Washington) v. 40, November 1952: 48-54. Contends that "everybody wants government spending reduced except when it cuts into his own pet project." Smith, Harold D. "The Budget as an Instrument of Legislative Control and Executive Management." Public Administration Review. Summer 1944. pp. 181-188. Former Director of the Budget discusses the historic principles of legislative control and the new principles of executive management. Sundelson, J. Wilner. Budgetary Methods in National and State Governments. Albany. 1938. 640 pp. An intensive analysis of state and national budgetary systems, with suggestions for reform.

Tax outlook (New York) v. 6, October 1951: 2-6. Quick, Congress! the wheel!! Federal spending can be cut if legislators re-assert control of expenditures. Stresses the relatively uncontrollable expenditures and the relatively controllable expenditures.

U.S. Bureau of the Budget. The Federal budget in brief: fiscal year 1954. [Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.] 1953. 44 p. Summary of the 1954 budget. Budget receipts. Budget expenditures. Budget expenditures by function. Budget expenditures as a percentage of national income. Budget expenditures per capital.

U.S. Congress. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. House of Representatives. Hearings on the budgetary practices reorganizations act of 1950. (H.R. 8054). 81st Congress, 2d Session. June and July, 1950. Washington, Govt. Print. Office, 125 pp. Contains extensive testimony on Roosevelt bill to provide for a balanced budget in an expanding economy, long-range budget estimates, a presidential-item veto, a consolidated cash budget, an investment budget, and four-year appropriations for investment programs. U.S. Congress. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. U.S. Senate, Hearings on the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. February 1948. 270 pp. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1948. Includes extensive testimony on fiscal control by Congress, etc., Passim. U.S. Congress. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. U.S. Senate. Hearings on the Organizational Operation of Congress. 82d Congress, 1st sess., June 1951. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 697 pp. Includes extensive testimony on federal expenditures, strengthening fiscal controls, etc. See subject index for page references.

U.S. Congress. Hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. U.S. Senate, 82d Congress, 1st sess., May 1951, on S. 913. To create a Joint Committee on the Budget. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 182 pp. Contains extensive testimony, statements, etc., in support of the proposal to create a Joint Committee on the Budget.

U.S. Congress. Committee on Rules. House of Representatives. 82d Congress, 2d sess., Hearings on H. R. 7888 and S. 913 to create a Joint Committee on the budget. May 1952. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 124 pp. Contains testimony pro and con bills to create a Joint Budget Committee.

U.S. Congress. 82d Congress, 1st Session. Senate Report No. 576. July 25, 1951. 19 pp. Favorable committee report of Senate Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments and section-by-section analysis of S. 913, a bill to create a Joint Committee on the Budget.

U.S. Congress. The General Accounting Office: A story of its Functions and Operations. Fifth Intermediate Report of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. House of Representatives. House Report No. 1441, 81st Congress, 1st Session. October 14, 1949. 30 pp. An account of the history, duties, and responsibilities of the GAO in the control of public expenditures.

C.S. Congress. Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress. Hearings before the Joint Committee . . . 79th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1945, 1176 pp. Contains extensive testimony on appropriation procedures, legislative control of expenditures, etc. See subject index for page references.

U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on Reduction of Nonessential Federal Expenditures. Hearings on the annual control of the federal budget. 82d Congress, 1st Session. September 1951. 59 pp. Washington, Government Printing Office. Contains significant testimony on the relative controllability of federal expenditures by Roswell Magill, Lindsay Warren, and Elmer Staats.

U.S. Congress. Report of the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress. 79th Congress, 2d Session, Senate Report No. 1011, March 4, 1946. 35 pp. Includes five recommendations for "strengthening fiscal control." See pages 18-23. White, Leonard D. "Congressional Control of the Public Service." American Political Science Review, February 1945. pp. 1-12. Presidential address before the American Political Science Assn. Suggests several techniques for strengthening congressional control of administration, including a transformed General Accounting Office.

The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History. New York. 1948. 538 pp. Chapter 26 describes the development of appropriation procedure during the Federalist period, including the conflict between the executive and legislative branches about executive freedom vs. legislative restraint in foreign relations.

Willoughby, W. F. The National Budget System (with suggestions for its improvement). Baltimore. John Hopkins Press. 1927. 343 pp. An evaluation of the operation of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 during its first six years.

Principles of Legislative Organization and Administration. Washington. Brookings. 1934. 657 pp. A systematic treatise on the national legislature, with a chapter discussing appropriation bill procedure before and after adoption of the budget system. Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr. The Spending Power: A History of the Effects of Congress to Control Expenditures. New Haven. Yale University Press. 1943. 317 pp. A history of congressional attempts from 1789 to 1941 to control the use of funds appropriated to the executive branch. Part I deals in 9 chapters with efforts to control before expenditure; Part II, in 4 chapters, with efforts to control after expenditure.

GEORGE B. GALLOWAY,

Senior Specialist, American Government.
MERWIN C. PHELPS,

Library Services Section.

MARCH 23, 1971.

To: Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Separation of Powers.
From: Subcommittee Staff.

Subj: Executive Impoundment of Appropriated Funds: A List of References.

Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch. Report on Budgeting and Accounting, p. 17 (1949).

Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State, pp. 426-427 (1957).

Huzar, Eleas. The Purse and the Sword, pp. 369-370 (1950).

Hyneman, Charles S. Bureaucracy in a Democracy, pp .224-250 (1950). Wallace, Robert Asch. Congressional Control of Federal Spending, (1960). Fisher, Louis. Delegating Power to the President. 19 Journal of Public Law 251 (1970).

Gillette, Robert. Population Act: Proponents Dismayed at Funding Levels. 171 Science 1221 (1971).

Javits, Jacob K. The Congressional Presence in Foreign Relations. 48 Foreign Affairs 221 (1970).

Kranz, Harry. A 20th Century Emancipation Proclamation: Presidential Powers Permit Withholding of Federal Funds from Segregated Institutions. 11 American University Law Review 48 (1962).

Neustadt, Richard E. Presidency and Legislation: The Growth of Central Clearance. 48 American Political Science Review 641 (1954).

New York County Lawyers Association Committee on Civil Rights. Legal Basis for Presidential Order Cutting off Funds to States Which Refuse to Desegrate. 109 Congressional Record 6571-6574 (1963).

Stassen, John H. Separation of Powers and the Uncommon Defense: The Case Against Impounding of Weapons System Appropriations. 57 Georgetown Law Journal 1159 (1969).

Whelan, John W. Law of Public Administration: Need for Legal Study, 53 Georgetown Law Journal 953 (1965).

Whelan, John W. Purse Strings, Payments and Procurement. 1965 Public Law 322 (Winter).