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Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary William Woodville Rockhill, District of Columbia, May 25, 1898.

Arthur S. Hardy, New Hampshire, April 18, 1899.
Charles S. Francis, New York, December 20, 1900.
John B. Jackson, New Jersey, October 13, 1902.
John B. Jackson, New Jersey, June 5, 1903.
John W. Riddle, Minnesota, March 8, 1905.
Horace G. Knowles, Delaware, January 16, 1907.
Horace G. Knowles, Delaware, July 1, 1907.
Spencer F. Eddy,' Illinois, January 11, 1909.
John R. Carter, Maryland, September 25, 1909.
John R. Carter,' Maryland, June 24, 1910.
John B. Jackson, New Jersey, August 12, 1911.
Charles J. Vopicka,' Illinois, September 11, 1913.
Peter Augustus Jay, Rhode Island, April 18, 1921.
William S. Culbertson, Kansas, April 28, 1925.
Charles S. Wilson, Maine, June 23, 1928.
Alvin Mansfield Owsley, Texas, June 13, 1933.
Leland Harrison, Illinois, May 15, 1935.
Franklin Mott Gunther, Florida, July 31, 1937.

RUSSIA

(See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Minister Plenipotentiary

John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, June 27, 1809.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary William Pinkney, Maryland, March 7, 1816. George Washington Campbell, Tennessee, April 16, 1818. Henry Middleton, South Carolina, April 6, 1820. John Randolph, Virginia, May 26, 1830. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, January 4, 1832. William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1834.

Chargé d'Affaires

John Randolph Clay, Pennsylvania, June 29, 1836.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1837. Churchill C. Cambreleng, New York, May 20, 1840. Charles S. Todd, Kentucky, August 27, 1841. Ralph I. Ingersoll, Connecticut, August 8, 1846. Arthur P. Bagby, Alabama, June 15, 1848. Neill S. Brown, Tennessee, May 2, 1850. Thomas H. Seymour, Connecticut, May 24, 1853.

Francis W. Pickens, South Carolina, January 11, 1858.
John Appleton, Maine, June 8, 1860.

Cassius M. Clay, Kentucky, March 28, 1861.
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, January 17, 1862.
Cassius M. Clay, Kentucky, March 11, 1863.
Andrew G. Curtin, Pennsylvania, April 16, 1869.
James L. Orr, South Carolina, December 12, 1872.
Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, May 29, 1873.
George H. Boker, Pennsylvania, January 13, 1875.
Edwin W. Stoughton, New York, October 30, 1877.
John W. Foster, Indiana, January 26, 1880.
William H. Hunt, Louisiana, April 12, 1882.
Alphonso Taft, Ohio, July 4, 1884.

George V. N. Lothrop, Michigan, May 7, 1885.

Lambert Tree, Illinois, September 25, 1888.

Allen Thorndike Rice, New York, March 30, 1889.

Charles Emory Smith, Pennsylvania, February 14, 1890.

1 Accredited also to Greece and Serbia.

Accredited also to Greece and Serbia and as Diplomatic

Agent in Bulgaria.

Accredited also to Serbia.

Andrew D. White, New York, July 22, 1892.
Clifton R. Breckinridge, Arkansas, July 20, 1894.
Ethan A. Hitchcock, Missouri, August 16, 1897.

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Ethan A. Hitchcock, Missouri, February 11, 1898.
Charlemagne Tower, Pennsylvania, January 12, 1899.
Robert S. McCormick, Illinois, September 26, 1902.
George von L. Meyer, Massachusetts, March 8, 1905.
John W. Riddle, Minnesota, December 19, 1906.

William Woodville Rockhill, District of Columbia, May 1909.

Curtis Guild, Massachusetts, April 24, 1911.
George T. Marye, California, July 9, 1914.
David R. Francis, Missouri, March 6, 1916.

SALVADOR

(See El Salvador)

SARDINIA

(See also Two Sicilies and Italy)
Chargés d'Affaires

H. Gold Rogers, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1840.
Ambrose Baber, Georgia, August 16, 1841.
Robert Wickliffe, Jr., Kentucky, September 22, 1843.
Nathaniel Niles, Vermont, January 4, 1848.
William B. Kinney, New Jersey, April 22, 1850.
John M. Daniel, Virginia, July 23, 1853.

Minister Resident

John M. Daniel, Virginia, June 29, 1854.

SERBIA

(See also Yugoslavia)

Ministers Resident and Consuls General

Eugene Schuyler, New York, July 7, 1882.
Walker Fearn," Louisiana, April 18, 1885.
A. Loudon Snowden, Pennsylvania, July 1, 1889.
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
A. Loudon Snowden, Pennsylvania, July 1, 1891.
Minister Resident and Consul General
Truxtun Beale, California, July 27, 1892.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary and Consula
General

Truxtun Beale, California, March 3, 1893.

Eben Alexander, North Carolina, April 7, 1893. William Woodville Rockhill, District of Columbia, July 8, 1897.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary William Woodville Rockhill, District of Columbia, May 25, 1898.

Arthur S. Hardy, New Hampshire, April 18, 1899.
Charles S. Francis, New York, December 20, 1900.
John B. Jackson, New Jersey, October 13, 1902.

Accredited also to Serbia and as Diplomatic Agent in Bulgaria.

Accredited also to Serbia and Bulgaria.

• Accredited also to Greece and Rumania.

17,

John B. Jackson, New Jersey, June 5, 1903.
John W. Riddle,' Minnesota, March 8, 1905.
Horace G. Knowles,' Delaware, January 16, 1907.
Horace G. Knowles, Delaware, July 1, 1907.
Spencer F. Eddy, Illinois, January 11, 1909.
John R. Carter, Maryland, September 25, 1909.
John R. Carter, Maryland, June 24, 1910.
John B. Jackson, New Jersey, August 12, 1911.
Charles J Vopicka, Illinois, September 11, 1913.

SIAM

Ministers Resident and Consuls General

John A. Halderman, Missouri, July 13, 1882. Jacob T. Child, Missouri, March 9, 1886. Sempronius H. Boyd, Missouri, October 1, 1890. John Barrett, Oregon, February 14, 1894. Hamilton King, Michigan, January 14, 1898.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary

Hamilton King, Michigan, April 27, 1903.
Fred W. Carpenter, California, September 12, 1912.
William H. Hornibrook, Oregon, February 12, 1915.
George Pratt Ingersoll, Connecticut, August 8, 1917.
George W. P. Hunt, Arizona, May 18, 1920.
Edward E. Brodie, Oregon, October 8, 1921.

William W. Russell, District of Columbia, September 28, 1925
Harold Orville Mackenzie, New Jersey, March 3, 1927.
David E. Kaufman, Pennsylvania, June 12, 1930.
James Marion Baker. South Carolina, August 30, 1933.
Edwin L. Neville, Ohio, May 28, 1937.

SPAIN

Chargé d'Affaires

William Carmichael, Maryland, April 20, 1790.

Minister Resident

William Short, Virginia, May 28, 1794.

Envoy Extraordinary

Thomas Pinckney, South Carolina, November 24, 1794.

Ministers Plenipotentiary

David Humphreys, Connecticut, May 20, 1796.
Charles Pinckney, South Carolina, June 6, 1801.
James Bowdoin, Massachusetts, November 22, 1804.
George W. Erving, Massachusetts, August 10, 1814.
John Forsyth, Georgia, February 16, 1819.
Hugh Nelson, Virginia, January 15, 1823.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
Alexander Hill Everett, Massachusetts, March 9, 1825.
Cornellus P. Van Ness, Vermont, June 1, 1829.
William T. Barry, Kentucky, April 10, 1835.
John H. Eaton, Tennessee, March 16, 1836.

Chargé d'Affaires

Aaron Vail, New York, May 20, 1840.

1 Accredited also to Greece and Rumania and as Diplomatic Agent in Bulgaria.

Accredited also to Rumania,

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Washington Irving, New York, February 10, 1842. Romulus M. Saunders, North Carolina, February 25, 1846. Daniel M. Barringer, North Carolina, June 18, 1849. Pierre Soulé, Louisiana, April 7, 1853. Augustus C. Dodge, Iowa, February 9, 1855. William Preston, Kentucky, December 15, 1858. Carl Schurz, Wisconsin, March 28, 1861. Gustavus Koerner, Illinois, June 14, 1862. John P. Hale, New Hampshire, March 10, 1865. Daniel E. Sickles, New York, May 15, 1869. Caleb Cushing, Virginia, January 6, 1874. James Russell Lowell, Massachusetts, June 11, 1877. Lucius Fairchild, Wisconsin, January 26, 1880. Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, June 30, 1881. John W. Foster, Indiana, February 27, 1883. Jabez L. M. Curry, Virginia, October 7, 1885. Perry Belmont, New York, November 17, 1888. Thomas W. Palmer, Michigan, March 12, 1889. F. Burd Grubb, New Jersey, September 27, 1890. Special Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary John W. Foster, Indiana, March 6, 1891.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary

A. Loudon Snowden, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1892.
Hannis Taylor, Alabama, April 8, 1893.

Stewart L. Woodford, New York, June 19, 1897.
Bellamy Storer, Ohio, April 12, 1899.

Arthur S. Hardy, New Hampshire, September 26, 1902.
William Miller Collier, New York, March 8, 1905.
Henry Clay Ide, Vermont, April 1, 1909.

Joseph E. Willard, Virginia, July 28, 1913.

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Joseph E. Willard, Virginia, September 10, 1913.
Cyrus E. Woods, Pennsylvania, June 24, 1921.
Alexander P. Moore, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1923.
Ogden H. Hammond, New Jersey, December 21, 1925.
Irwin B. Laughlin, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1929.
Claude G. Bowers, New York, April 6, 1933.

SWEDEN

(See also Sweden and Norway)

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Charles H. Graves, Minnesota, March 8, 1905.

Ira Nelson Morris, Illinois, July 13, 1914.
Robert Woods Bliss, New York, January 30, 1923.
Leland Harrison, Illinois, February 26, 1927.

John Motley Morehead, New York, January 22, 1930.
Laurence A. Steinhardt, New York, May 11, 1933.
Fred Morris Dearing, Missouri, April 22, 1937.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY
(Separate Missions after 1906)
Minister Plenipotentiary

Jonathan Russell, Rhode Island, January 18, 1814.
Chargés d'Affaires

Christopher Hughes, Jr., Maryland, January 21, 1819.
John James Appleton, Massachusetts, May 2, 1826.
Christopher Hughes, Maryland, March 3, 1830.

George W. Lay, New York, May 12, 1842.
Henry W. Ellsworth, Indiana, April 19, 1845.

Francis Schroeder, Rhode Island, November 7, 1849.

Accredited also to Rumania and as Diplomatic Agent in Bulgaria.

Accredited also to Rumania and Bulgaria.

Ministers Resident

Francis Schroeder, Rhode Island, June 29, 1854.
Benjamin F. Angel, New York, July 17, 1857.
Jacob S. Haldeman, Pennsylvania, March 16, 1861.
James H. Campbell, Pennsylvania, May 18, 1864.
John McGinnis, Jr., Illinois, November 16, 1866.
Joseph J. Bartlett, New York, March 19, 1867.
C. C. Andrews, Minnesota, June 3, 1869.
John L. Stevens, Maine, August 28, 1877.
William W. Thomas, Jr., Maine, June 6, 1883.
Rufus Magee, Indiana, April 2, 1885.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
Rufus Magee, Indiana, August 10, 1888.
William W. Thomas, Jr., Maine, March 19, 1889.
Thomas B. Ferguson, Maryland, February 14, 1894.
William W. Thomas, Jr., Maine, December 18, 1897.
Charles H. Graves, Minnesota, March 8, 1905.

SWITZERLAND

Ministers Resident

Theodore 8. Fay, Massachusetts, March 16, 1853.
George G. Fogg, New Hampshire, March 28, 1861.
George Harrington, Georgia, July 7, 1865.
Horace Rublee, Wisconsin, April 20, 1869.

Chargés d'Affaires

Horace Rublee, Wisconsin, August 15, 1876.
George Schneider, Illinois, May 1, 1877.
Nicholas Fish, New York, June 20, 1877.
Michael J. Cramer, Kentucky, May 11, 1881.

Ministers Resident and Consuls General

Michael J. Cramer, Kentucky, July 13, 1882
Boyd Winchester, Kentucky, May 7, 1885.
John D. Washburn, Massachusetts, March 12, 1889.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
John D. Washburn, Massachusetts, July 30, 1890.
Person C. Cheney, New Hampshire, December 13, 1892.
James O. Broadhead, Missouri, April 7, 1893.
John L. Peak, Missouri, November 18, 1895.
John G. A. Leishman, Pennsylvania, June 9, 1897.
Arthur 8. Hardy, New Hampshire, December 20, 1900.
David J. Hill, New York, January 7, 1903.
Brutus J. Clay, Kentucky, March 8, 1905.
Laurits S. Swenson, Minnesota. December 21, 1909.
Henry S. Boutell, Illinois, April 24, 1911.
Pleasant A. Stovall, Georgia, June 21, 1913.
Hampson Gary, Texas, April 7, 1920.

Joseph C. Grew, Massachusetts, September 24, 1921.
Hugh 8. Gibson, California, March 18, 1924.
Hugh R. Wilson, Illinois, February 26, 1927.
Leland Harrison, Illinois, July 13, 1937.

TEXAS

(Annexed to the United States, 1845)
Chargés d'Affaires

Alcée La Branche, Louisiana, March 7, 1837.
George H. Flood, Ohio, March 16, 1840.

Joseph Eve, Kentucky, April 15, 1841.

William 8. Murphy, Ohio, April 10, 1843.

Tilghman A. Howard, Indiana, June 11, 1844

Andrew J. Donelson, Tennessee, September 16, 1844.

TURKEY

Chargé d'Affaires

David Porter, Maryland, April 15, 1831.
Ministers Resident

David Porter, Maryland, March 3, 1839.
Dabney S. Carr, Maryland, October 6, 1843.
George P. Marsh, Vermont, May 29, 1849.
Carroll Spence, Maryland, August 23, 1853.
James Williams, Tennessee, January 14, 1858.
Edward Joy Morris, Pennsylvania, June 8, 1861.
Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania, June 4, 1870.
George H. Boker, Pennsylvania, November 3, 1871.
Horace Maynard, Tennessee, March 9, 1875.
James Longstreet, Georgia, June 14, 1880.
Lewis Wallace, Indiana, May 19, 1881.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary

Lewis Wallace, Indiana, July 13, 1882.
Samuel S. Cox, New York, March 25, 1885.
Oscar 8. Straus, New York, March 24, 1887.
Solomon Hirsch, Oregon, May 16, 1889.

David P. Thompson, Oregon, November 15, 1892.
Alexander W. Terrell, Texas, April 15, 1893.
James B. Angell, Michigan, April 15, 1897.

Oscar S. Straus, New York, June 3, 1898.

John G. A. Leishman, Pennsylvania, December 20, 1900.
Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary

John G. A. Leishman, Pennsylvania, June 18, 1906.
Oscar 8. Straus, New York, May 17, 1909.

William Woodville Rockhill, District of Columbia, April 24,

1911.

Henry Morgenthau, New York, September 4, 1913. Abram I. Elkus, New York, July 21, 1916.

Commissioners

Lewis Heck, Pennsylvania, November 30, 1918. Gabriel Bie Ravndal, South Dakota, May 3, 1919.

High Commissioner

Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol, United States Navy, August 12, 1919.

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Joseph C. Grew, New Hampshire, May 19, 1927. Charles Hitchcock Sherrill, New York, March 17, 1932. Robert P. Skinner, Ohio, June 13, 1933.

John Van A. MacMurray, Maryland, January 24, 1936.

TWO SICILIES

(See also Sardinia and Italy)
Minister Plenipotentiary

William Pinkney, Maryland, April 23, 1816.
Chargés d'Affaires

John Nelson, Maryland, October 24, 1831.
Enos T. Throop, New York, February 6, 1838.
William Boulware, Virginia, September 13, 1841.
William H. Polk, Tennessee, March 13, 1845.
John Rowan, Kentucky, January 3, 1848.
Thomas W. Chinn, Louisiana, June 5, 1849.
Edward Joy Morris, Pennsylvania, January 10, 1850.

Robert Dale Owen, Indiana, May 24, 1853.

Ministers Resident

Robert Dale Owen, Indiana, June 29, 1854. Joseph R. Chandler, Pennsylvania, June 15, 1858.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Minister Resident and Consul General

Ralph J. Totten, Tennessee, December 19, 1929.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ralph J. Totten, Tennessee, June 20, 1930. Leo J. Keena, Michigan, July 31, 1937.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary

William C. Bullitt, Pennsylvania, November 21, 1933. Joseph E. Davies, District of Columbia, November 16, 1936.

URUGUAY

Ministers Resident

Alexander Asboth, Missouri, April 5, 1867.
H. G. Worthington, Nevada, July 25, 1868.
Robert C. Kirk, Ohio, May, 5, 1869.
John L. Stevens,' Maine, March 25, 1870.
John C. Caldwell, Maine, January 8, 1874.

Chargés d'Affaires

John C. Caldwell,' Maine, August 15, 1876.
William Williams, Indiana, April 12, 1882.
John E. Bacon, South Carolina, April 28, 1885.
Ministers Resident

John E. Bacon,' South Carolina, August 10, 1888.
George Maney,' Tennessee, June 20, 1889.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
George Maney,' Tennessee, September 23, 1890.
Granville Stuart,' Montana, March 1, 1894.
William R. Finch, Wisconsin, October 2, 1897.
Edward C. O'Brien,' New York, March 8, 1905.
Edwin V. Morgan,' New York, December 21, 1909.
Nicolay A. Grevstad,' Illinois, June 30, 1911.
John L. de Saulles, Pennsylvania, March 27, 1914.
Robert Emmett Jeffery, Arkansas, February 3, 1915.
Hoffman Philip, New York, March 23, 1922.
Ulysses Grant-Smith, Pennsylvania, March 18, 1925
Leland Harrison, Illinois, October 16, 1929.

J. Butler Wright, Wyoming, September 29, 1930.
Julius G. Lay, District of Columbia, December 14, 1934.
William Dawson, Minnesota, August 31, 1937.

1 Accredited also to Argentina.

VENEZUELA (See also Colombia)

Chargés d'Affaires

John G. A. Williamson, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1835.
Allen A. Hall, Tennessee, March 15, 1841.
Vespasian Ellis, Missouri, September 30, 1844.
Benjamin G. Shields, Alabama, March 14, 1845.
Isaac Nevett Steele, Maryland, December 6, 1849.
Charles Eames, District of Columbia, February 9, 1854.

Ministers Resident

Charles Eames, District of Columbia. June 29, 1854.
Edward A. Turpin, New York, June 15, 1858.
Henry T. Blow, Missouri, June 8, 1861.
Erastus D. Culver, New York, July 12, 1862.
James Wilson, Indiana, May 31, 1866.
Thomas N. Stillwell, Indiana, August 30, 1867.
James R. Partridge, Maryland, April 21, 1869.
William A. Pile, Missouri, May 23, 1871.
Thomas Russell, Massachusetts, April 20, 1874.
Jehu Baker, Illinois, March 4, 1878.

George W. Carter, Louisiana, June 30, 1881.

Ministers Resident and Consuls General

Jehu Baker, Illinois, July 7, 1884.

Charles L. Scott, Alabama, April 28, 1885.

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary

Charles L. Scott, Alabama, August 10, 1888.
William L. Scruggs, Georgia, March 30, 1889.
Frank C. Partridge, Vermont, January 25, 1893.
Seneca Haselton, Vermont, May 11, 1894.

Allen Thomas, Florida, June 13, 1895.
Francis B. Loomis, Ohio, July 8, 1897.

Herbert W Bowen, New York, June 17, 1901.
William W. Russell, District of Columbia, June 21, 1905.
R. S. Reynolds Hitt, Illinois, June 24, 1910.
John W. Garrett, Maryland, December 15, 1910.
Elliott Northcott, West Virginia, December 21, 1911.
Preston B. McGoodwin, Oklahoma, September 18, 1913.
Willis C. Cook, South Dakota, October 8, 1921.
George T. Summerlin, Louisiana, September 11, 1929.
Meredith Nicholson, Indiana, January 22, 1935.

YUGOSLAVIA

(Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 1919-1929) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary H. Percival Dodge, Massachusetts, July 17, 1919. John Dyneley Prince, New Jersey, February 23, 1926. Charles S. Wilson, Maine, August 3, 1933. Arthur Bliss Lane, New York, August 9, 1937.

Accredited also to Paraguay.

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18. REGULATIONS CONCERNING PRECEDENCE OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS

The rules on this subject which have been prescribed by the Department are the same as those contained in the seven rules of the Congress of Vienna, found in the protocol of the session of March, 9, 1815, and in the supplementary or eighth rule of the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle of November 21, 1818. They are as follows:

ARTICLE 1. Diplomatic agents are divided into three classes: That of ambassadors, legates, or nuncios; that of envoys, ministers, or other persons accredited to sovereigns; that of chargés d'affaires accredited to ministers for foreign affairs.

ART. 2. Ambassadors, legates, or nuncios only have the representative character.

ART. 3. Diplomatic agents on an extraordinary mission have not, on that account, any superiority of rank.

ART. 4. Diplomatic agents shall take precedence in their respective classes according to the date of the official notification of their arrival. The present regulation shall not cause any innovation with regard to the representative of the Pope.

ART. 5. A uniform mode shall be determined in each State for the reception of diplomatic agents of each class.

ART. 6. Relations of consanguinity or of family alliance between courts confer no precedence on their diplomatic agents. The same rule also applies to political alliances.

ART. 7. In acts or treaties between several powers which grant alternate precedence, the order which is to be observed in the signatures shall be decided by lot between the ministers. ART. 8. It is agreed that ministers resident accredited to them shall form, with respect to their precedence, an intermediate class between ministers of the second class and chargés d'affaires.

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