17. DIPLOMATIC AGENTS OF THE UNITED STATES DIPLOMATIC AGENTS PRIOR TO 17891 JOHN ADAMS, of Massachusetts Joint commissioner to the court of France: elected November Joint minister plenipotentiary, with Benjamin Franklin and Minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain: elected February 24, THOMAS BARCLAY, of Pennsylvania Vice consul in France: elected June 26, 1781, to act until the WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, of Maryland Assistant to Silas Deane, secret agent of Congress at Paris, spring of 1776; went to Berlin in American interests, fall of 1776. Secretary to commissioners in France: commissioned Novem. ber 28, 1777, but did not act in this capacity; returned to the United States in May 1778. Secretary to John Jay, minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a Chargé d'affaires ad interim in Spain: assumed office in May FRANCIS DANA, of Massachusetts Minister plenipotentiary to Russia: commissioned December Unless otherwise noted, these agents were elected, appointed, or commissioned by the Continental Congress. In addition to the secret agents included in this table the following persons, among others, also acted as secret correspondents of the Continental Congress: Jonathan Loring Austin, Edward Bancroft, William Bingham, William Bollan, William Hodge, William Lee, Thomas Morris, and Thomas Story. Commercial agents are not included in this list. Thomas Jefferson was also appointed but did not go to Paris on this mission. Diplomatic relations with Great Britain were temporarily discontinued with the recall of John Adams. On Oct. 13, 1789, President Washington appointed Gouverneur Morris, of New York, as a "private agent" to "converse with his Britannic Majesty's ministers" on the questions then in dispute between the two Governments and to pave the way for the resumption of diplo matic relations. Works of John Adams, vol. 8, pp. 422, 477, 480; Secret Journals of Congress, vol. 4, p. 399; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. 1, p. 122. William Palfrey was appointed and commissioned consul in France Dec. 9. 1780, but was lost at sea while crossing the Atlantic. Ministers plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign countries; authorized by Congress, Mar. 11, 1785, to appoint agents to represent them. Probably David S. Franks, of the Revolutionary Army. 'The minister, John Jay, left Madrid for Paris in May 1782. SILAS DEANE, of Connecticut Secret agent in France of Continental Congress: appointed by the Committee of Secret Correspondence March 3, 1776; arrived in France May 4, 1776. Joint commissioner, with Benjamin Franklin and (later) Arthur Lee, to the court of France, with full powers to negotiate treaties: elected September 26, 1776; commissioned September 28, 1776; signed treaties of commerce and alliance February 6, 1778, at Paris; recalled by a resolution of Congress which was dated December 8, 1777, but not received until March 4, 1778. CHARLES WILLIAM FREDERICK DUMAS, of Switzerland and the Netherlands 1 Secret agent of the Continental Congress: appointed by the Com. mittee of Secret Correspondence December 19, 1775. Secretary to John Adams, minister plenipotentiary to the Netherlands, 1781-82. Acted as chargé d'affaires in the Netherlands after the departure of John Adams on October 26, 1782; exchanged ratifications of treaty of October 8, 1782, with the Netherlands. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, of Pennsylvania Joint commissioner, with Silas Deane and (later) Arthur Lee, to the court of France, with full powers to negotiate treaties: elected September 26, 1776; commissioned September 28, 1776; signed treaties of commerce and alliance February 6. 1778. Commissioner also to court of Spain: elected January 1, 1777; Joint commissioner, with John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Joint minister plenipotentiary, with Thomas Jefferson and John Franklin served simultaneously under his several commis- DAVID HUMPHREYS, of Connecticut Secretary to joint commission for the negotiation of treaties of amity and commerce with European countries and the Barbary States: elected May 12, 1784. RALPH IZARD, of South Carolina Commissioner to the court of Tuscany: elected May 7, 1777; commissioned July 1, 1777; not received at court; empowered to negotiate with Tuscany for a loan of one million dollars February 4, 1778, but was unsuccessful; mission ended by Congress June 8, 1779. JOHN JAY, of New York' Minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain: elected Septem- Joint commissioner, with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia Joint minister plenipotentiary, with Benjamin Franklin and Minister plenipotentiary to France: elected March 10, 1785. Left JOHN LAMB, of Connecticut Agent of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson to the Dey and Government of Algiers: appointed October 5, 1785, by Adams and October 11, 1785, by Jefferson; accompanied on the mission by Paul R. Randall, as secretary; mission unsuccessful. HENRY LAURENS, of South Carolina Minister plenipotentiary to the Netherlands to negotiate a treaty and a loan: elected and commissioned November 1, 1779; sailed for the Netherlands August 13, 1780; captured by the British September 3, 1780, and taken to the Tower of London, where he was confined until his exchange for Burgoyne early in 1782. Joint commissioner with Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain: elected June 14, 1781; commissioned June 15, 1781; reached Paris November 29, 1782; signed preliminary articles of treaty November 30, 1782, at Paris; did not sign the definitive treaty of September 3, 1783. 1 Although for many years active in the cause of the United States in Europe, Dumas was never formally commissioned by Congress. Thomas Jefferson was also appointed but did not go to Paris on this mission. The commission was composed of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams, as ministers plenipotentiary. Elected Secretary for Foreign Affairs May 7, 1784. On Sept. 26, 1776, Thomas Jefferson had been elected one of three commissioners to the court of France, but had declined the appointment; also, on June 14, 1781, he had been appointed joint commissioner to negotiate a peace with Great Britain but did not go on the mission. Minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign powers; authorized by Congress Mar. 11, 1785, to appoint agents to represent them. WILLIAM LEE, of Virginia ! JOHN LAURENS, of South Carolina Secretary to the legation at Paris: elected September 28, 1779. Special minister to France to assist in negotiating loans: commissioned December 23, 1780. ARTHUR LEE, of Virginia Secret agent of Continental Congress in London: appointed by the Committee of Secret Correspondence December 12, 1775. Joint commissioner to court of France with full powers to negotiate treaties: elected October 22, 1776, to replace Thomas Jefferson, who had declined appointment on the commission; signed, with Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin, treaties of commerce and alliance February 6, 1778; commission dissolved September 14, 1778, upon appointment of Benjamin Franklin as sole minister plenipotentiary. Commissioner also to court of Spain: elected May 1, 1777; commissioned June 5, 1777, but never went to Spain on this mission, although he had been there previously in the financial interests of the United States. Commissioner to courts of Vienna and Berlin: elected May 9, 1777; commissioned July 1, 1777; not received at either court. OLIVER POLLOCK Commercial agent at Havana: elected May 30, 1783; commissioned June 2, 1783. THOMAS RANDAL, of Pennsylvania Vice consul at Canton: elected January 31, 1786. SAMUEL SHAW, of Massachusetts Consul at Canton: elected January 27, 1786. WILLIAM S. SMITH, of New York Secretary of Legation at London: elected March 1, 1785; com. missioned March 14, 1785; returned to the United States in 1788. PRINCIPAL DIPLOMATIC AGENTS, 1789-1937 AFGHANISTAN Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary William H. Hornibrook, Utah, January 22, 1935. ALBANIA Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ulysses Grant-Smith, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1922. Charles C. Hart, District of Columbia, May 27, 1925. Herman Bernstein, New York, February 17, 1930. Post Wheeler, Washington, August 26, 1933. Hugh Gladney Grant, Alabama, August 9, 1935. ALGIERS Commissioner Plenipotentiary David Humphreys, Connecticut, March 21, 1793. ARGENTINA Minister Plenipotentiary Caesar A. Rodney, Delaware, January 27, 1823. John M. Forbes, Florida, March 9, 1825. Ministers Resident James A. Peden, Florida, June 29, 1854. H. G. Worthington, Nevada, June 5, 1868. Robert C. Kirk, Ohio, April 16, 1869. Julius White, Illinois, December 12, 1872. Thomas O. Osborn, Illinois, February 10, 1874. Ministers Resident and Consuls General Thomas O. Osborn, Illinois, July 7, 1884. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Bayless W. Hanna, Indiana, July 1, 1887. John R. G. Pitkin, Louisiana, July 26, 1889. Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary AUSTRIA (See also Austria-Hungary) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Henry A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, February 8, 1838. Daniel Jenifer, Maryland, August 27, 1841. Chargés d'Affaires William H. Stiles, Georgia, April 19, 1845. James Watson Webb, New York, November 1, 1849. Charles J. McCurdy, Connecticut, September 27, 1850. Thomas M. Foote, New York, September 16, 1852. Henry R. Jackson, Georgia, May 24, 1853. Ministers Resident Henry R. Jackson, Georgia, June 29, 1854. J. Glancy Jones, Pennsylvania, November 1, 1858. 1 On Sept. 4, 1778, William Lee and M. de Neufville of the Netherlands drafted a treaty between the United States and the Netherlands at Aix-la-Chapelle, but the treaty was never signed by either country. The draft treaty was in the possession of Henry Laurens when he was seized by the British on Sept. 3, 1780, and became one of the causes of war between the Netherlands and Great Britain. Accredited also to Iran. Accredited also to Uruguay. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary J. Glancy Jones, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1858. Anson Burlingame, Massachusetts, March 22, 1861. J. Lothrop Motley, Massachusetts, August 10, 1861. Chargé d'Affaires John Hay, Illinois, August 20, 1867. Commissioners Albert Halstead, Ohio, May 15, 1919. Chargé d'Affaires pro tempore Arthur Hugh Frazier, Pennsylvania, November 25, 1921. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Albert Henry Washburn, Massachusetts, February 10, 1922. Gilchrist Baker Stockton, Florida, January 22, 1930. George H. Earle, 3d, Pennsylvania, July 24, 1933. George S. Messersmith, Delaware, April 7, 1934. Grenville T. Emmet, New York, July 13, 1937. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (See also Austria and Hungary) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Henry M. Watts, Pennsylvania, July 25, 1868. Edward F. Beale, District of Columbia, June 1, 1876. John M. Francis, New York, July 4, 1884. Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary BALTIC PROVINCES OF RUSSIA (See also Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) John A. Gade, New York, October 1, 1919. BELGIUM Chargés d'Affaires Hugh 8. Legaré, South Carolina, April 14, 1832. 1 Accredited also to Luxemburg. Ministers Resident J. J. Seibels, Alabama, June 29, 1854. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiar y Brand Whitlock, Ohio, September 30, 1919. Henry P. Fletcher, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1922. William Phillips, Massachusetts, February 29, 1924. Hugh S. Gibson, California, February 17, 1927. Dave Hennen Morris, New York, May 18, 1933. Hugh S. Gibson, California, July, 13 1937. BOLIVIA (See also Peru-Bolivian Confederation) John Appleton, Maine, March 30, 1848. Ministers Resident John W. Dana, Maine, June 29, 1854. Ministers Resident and Consuls General 8. Newton Pettis, Pennsylvania, September 4, 1878. Charles Adams, Colorado, April 6, 1880. Special Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiar William Henry Trescot, South Carolina, November 28, 1931 Ministers Resident and Consuls General George Maney, Tennessee, April 17, 1882. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Thomas H. Anderson, Ohio, July 30, 1890. BRAZIL Chargés d'Affaires Condy Raguet, Pennsylvania, March 9, 1825. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Robert C. Schenck, Ohio, March 12, 1851. Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary BULGARIA Agent Charles M. Dickinson, New York, April 24, 1901. John B. Jackson, New Jersey, June 5, 1903. 1 Accredited also to Rumania, Serbia, and Greece. 'Accredited also to Greece and Montenegro, Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary John R. Carter,' Maryland, June 24, 1910. John B. Jackson, New Jersey, August 12, 1911. Charles J. Vopicka, Illinois, September 11, 1913. Charles S. Wilson, Maine, October 8, 1921. Henry Wharton Shoemaker, Pennsylvania, January 22, 1930. Frederick A. Sterling, Texas, September 1, 1933. Ray Atherton, Illinois, July 13, 1937. CANADA Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary William Phillips, New Hampshire, February 17, 1927. CENTRAL AMERICA (See also the individual Central American states) Chargés d'Affaires William Miller, March 7, 1825. John Williams, Tennessee, December 29, 1825. CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES (See also the individual Central American states) George Williamson, Louisiana, May 17, 1873. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Henry C. Hall, July 13, 1882. Lansing B. Mizner, California, March 30, 1889. CHILE Minister Plenipotentiary Heman Allen, Vermont, January 27, 1823. Chargés d'Affaires Samuel Larned, Rhode Island, February 29, 1828. John Hamm, Ohio, May 26, 1830. Richard Pollard, Virginia, June 28, 1834. John S. Pendleton, Virginia, August 16, 1841. William Crump, Virginia, April 10, 1844. Seth Barton, Louisiana, May 27, 1847. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Balie Peyton, Tennessee, August 9, 1849. John Bigler, California, April 2, 1857. Accredited also to Rumania and Serbia. |